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BENSON’S 

COMPENDIUM 


on 

Mines, Mining, Minerals, Ores, Rocks, 
Weights of Metals and Rocks, Effect of 
Heat on Various Substances. Water 
Measure, Tanks and Piping. 

ATOMIC WEIGHTS EXPLAINED. 

CHEMICAL SYMBOLS, ETC. 


By 

H. T. BENSON, 

w 


ILLUSTRATED. 


A Useful Book for all that are Now or may 
become Interested in Mining, Prospecting 
or Other Pursuits. 


HALL & WILLIAMS. Publishers 
Denver, Colo. 




* 



tx 


Copyright by 
H. T. BENSON 

and 

HALL & WILLIAMS. 
1909 

(All Rights Reserved.) 





©CUJ28385G 





PUBLISHER'S NOTE. 


Mr. H. T. Benson was born in Monroe and reared 
in Athens County, Ohio. He came to Colorado in 
A. D. 1871, and for the past thirty years has had prac¬ 
tical experience in mining, milling and operating mines, 
as superintendent and general manager, in Colorado, Ne¬ 
vada and California, and in the meantime has traveled 
over all the mining states, except Montana, examining 
prospects and mines. First in Colorado; Black Hills, 
South Dak.; South Pass, Wyo.; Utah, Nevada, New 
Mexico, Arizona, California and Oregon. Mr. Benson is 
very conservative and practical and a man of excellent 
judgment and his wide experience has emminently fitted 
him for the task. 


PREFACE. 


It may truly be said that men of no other class 
are so often confronted by problems and difficulties, 
and at the same time have so little opportunity of ac¬ 
cumulating books of reference or of gaining access to 
libraries; hence, a condensed portable yet comprehen¬ 
sive means of refreshing the memory with facts, figures 
and formulas, is very acceptable. 

The work has been compiled and published with 
much care, and it will be found highly trustworthy and 
reliable. The author, in presenting this book, has se¬ 
lected only such matter as would seem most important. 

No man can afford to neglect keeping himself 
posted, so as to intelligently meet many questions and 
problems, as they come up. This may be done by con¬ 
sulting this book. The author takes this opportunity 
of expressing his indebtedness to numerous writers 
quoted. 


Harrison T. Benson. 


GEOLOGICAL TABLE OF WESTERN FORMATIONS, SHOWING 
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTIC ROCKS AND MINERALS. 


Characteristic Rocks. Minerals, Metals Ql Fossils. 

Some Gold \Man, Bujfa/olk. 

PiacerCold Sl’SlfW' 



Old Gold Placers 
m California 
L ava-Gold^Si/rerburmc 
Thin Lignite Coe! 
MetamorphosedSdnddon. 

.Gold bearing 
m California also 
Asphalt 
in Colorado 
andCaliforma 


F oss/i Leaves 
Mammals 

<n California 
Marine 5he lb 


Coal 

Canon City OH Honion 

Flux Lime 
day, iron, stone 
Fireclay 

Gypsum 

'land Ume a 
hen Building Stone 


eastern Coa/ 
of Pennsylvania 


Oliver, Lead 

rureka Nevada 
Silver. Lead 

deposits 

Marble 
CUver Lea# 
iron 

Gold 

Gold Ji/ver 
Lead, fineCopper^ 
iron 


Leaves. Trees ac 

sea dhe/b 

JcaphUes Bacuhtes 
sea sne/is 
inoceramus 
Oysrers 
Leaves ot. trees 

Dinosaurs Colo. 


Lana Plants 

.Corals 
ftl/j Spirit 

deadhei/s 
r bh Corals 


dead hells 
Crustacea 
Fr/lo bites Corals 

deadhe/b 


FewPositive 

d/gnsofLife 
























































2 


BENSON’S 


THE ARCHAEAN. 

Amorphous, Crystalline, Granite Veins of segrega¬ 
tion. Others of well defined fissures or jointing planes 
(so called true fissure veins look for porphyry dike or 
intrusive sheets or contact with lime). 

THE CAMBRIAN. 

The first true sedimentary-formed rock, first rock 
lying on the granite is a hard white semi-crystalline 
quartzite or metamorphosed sandstone; may look for 
precious ore, more especially gold, and carefully look 
also for intrusions of eruptive porphyry; 200 to 300 ft. 
thick. 

SILURIAN. 

200 to 300 feet of drab-yellowish or light-gray thin 
bedded limestone of dolomitic; by some fossil shells it 
is recognized to be silurian. Here may be found indi¬ 
cation of lead, silver, or other ores, but not much gold 
as a rule. 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

The next series of this should according to the 
textbooks be the Devonian characterized by fossil fish 
and old red sandstone; but the rocks of this epoch for 
some reason are missing in Colorado. 

Instead of this resting on the silurian we find a 
thick bed of heavy-bedded massive “blue gray” lime¬ 
stone, characterized by black flints and sometimes fossil 
shells and corals; this limestone when traversed by 
sheets of eruptive porphyry has yielded at Leadville, 
Aspen, New Mexico and Arizona; some of the largest 
silver lead deposits in the west. The limestone is gen¬ 
erally between 200 and 300 feet thickness called the 
Blue Limestone of Colorado. 

MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. 

Above the lower carboniferous is a bed of dark 
black shales, in which thin seams are sometimes found, 
and fossil plants, show that it, too. belongs to the 
carboniferous. Where lime and porphyry occur silver 
lead deposits may be found. 


COMPENDIUM 


3 


< 


TRIASSIC RED-BEDS. 

From these we pass into a series of heavy bedded 
coarse conglomerate sandstones of brick-red color. 
(i.ooo to 2,000 feet thick.) Little indications of ore are 
to be found. 

JURASSIC. 

We next come to a softer and more variegated 
series consisting largely of pink, green, red sandstones. 
In the Jurassic some remarkable lizards remains called 
Dinosaurs have been found. This is not a likely min¬ 
eral horizon. 

CRETACEOUS. 

These softer beds are capped by a hard massive 
sandstone, about 200 feet thick, of a fresh water origin 
and noted as the main coal-producing horizon of the 
west. 

TERTIARY. 

Rests thick beds of shale and clay and conglom¬ 
erate composed of volcanic detritus. These beds were 
laid down by large fresh water lakes and marshes and 
protected from erosion by being capped with volcanic 
rocks such as basalt, andesite or rhyolite. 

QUATERNARY. 

Last of the series here may be found the teeth or 
tusks of the elephant, together with the first indication 
of primitive man. 

Lithology or study of rocks mark where porphyry 
or igneous rocks break through the sedimentary strata 
and tip them up all around, is a likely locality; at the 
junction of these sedimentaries with the igneous rocks 
there may be limestone and a contact blanket deposit. 

Porphyry dikes are well worth examining. 



4 


BENSON’S 


GRANITE—Beginning with the granite series of 
the Archaean age, granite proper is massive, shapeless 
or amorphous, and shows no bedding planes or other 
signs of former stratification. It is thoroughly crystal¬ 
line, like lump sugar. By some it is considered a true 
igneous rock, one that has been thoroughly fused by 
heat, as much as the lavas or molten iron; by others 
its crystalline amorphous condition is supposed to be 
the result of extreme metamorphism of originally sedi¬ 
mentary bedded rocks, such as gneiss or schist, the 
two latter being sometimes traced down through a 
gradual change into granite. The colors of granite vary, 
from gray to reddish or nearly white to black, according 
to the preponderance and colors of the micas and feld¬ 
spars in them. The May Lundy mine has attained a 
depth of some 2,800 feet. It is in Feldspatic granite 
and a good producer. It is situate east of Mono Lake 
in Mono County, California. 

GRANITE. 

Composition of Mica, Quartz, and Feldspar. 

Granite is the oldest and deepest rock known ; it 
is often traversed by sparry veins called “Granite 
or Pegmatite, or graphic granite”. 

PEGMATITE VEINS. 

The quartz and feldspar are often arranged in par¬ 
allel plates giving on cross-section curious marks like 
Hebrew characters; hence the word graphic: the bulk 
of our so-called quartz fissure veins in the granite 
mountains may be called Pegmatitic Veins. 

SYENITE. 

Is a little more than granite without quartz com¬ 
posed of orthoclase feldspar hornblende or mica or 
both. Called a quartzless granite. 

PORPHYRY. 

Traversing all these Archaean rocks and cutting 
them at all sorts of angles, we may notice some erup¬ 
tive dikes of porphyry, which were once certainly 
molten and which ascended in that state through fis¬ 
sures opened in the rocks from depths and sources 
unknown. As we approach the edge of the granite 
we may even see some of these molten rocks, insinu¬ 
ating once fiery tongues among the weak places and 
bedding planes of the overlying sedimentary strata: 


COMPENDIUM 


5 


one dike sent out so thick an intrusive sheet of por¬ 
phyry between the overlying limestone that where sub¬ 
sequent erosion took place, this thick sheet by its super¬ 
ior hardness, was left to form the highest cap of the 
mountain, as on many of our prominent mountain 
peaks, such as Mount Lincoln, and others in South 
Park. 


IGNEOUS ROCK. 

Syenite Granite—A hard compact granite of a dark 
greenish to grayish color in case where hornblende re¬ 
places the mica. 

Protogine is a softish granite containing pale green 
stains of chlorite and blotches of talc. It is gneiss-like 
in structure. 

Luxulianite is a softish flesh-colored granite in 
which mica is partly replaced by the impure subsilicate 
of alumina and tourmaline. 

Granitite is a hard granite containing biotite mica 
in considerable quantities. 

Granulite is a granite often soft and easily decom¬ 
posed in which the quartz is very scarce or entirely ab¬ 
sent. It contains no mica. 

Greisen is a foliated soft granite with little or no 
feldspar. It is a schistose micaceous quartz rock. 

Granite-Porphyry is a granite in which, through 
some influence not understood, large isolated crystals 
separate themselves from the mass of felsite, which 
remains in a pasty magima, composition, felsite, quartz, 
feldspar, mica or chlorite. 

Felsite—A many colored rock from gray to bluish 
to brown and red compact and very hard. It is a rap¬ 
idly cooled granite paste containing crystals of quartz 
and feldspar. 

Rhyolite or Quartz Trachyte—A compact felsite 
with glass in the base, and quartz crystals and occasion¬ 
ally mica. Rhyolites are of many colors and textures, 
breaking wth a rough fracture, they frequently exhibit 
wavy lines or layers of mineral aggregates of colored 
obsidian. They contain a large amount of quartz, which 
has resulted from the excess of silica not required to 
complete the feldspar crystals. 

Perlite—Is a rapidly cooled rhyolite. 

Syenite—A metamorphic and eruptive rock closely 
related to granite. It consists of orthoclase (F. S. G.), 
hornblende, oligosclase (F. S. group), mica, nepheline, 
augite. It is generally a grayish and flesh-colored rock. 
Zireon syenite is rare and occurs chiefly in instrusive 
dikes. 


6 


BENSON’S 


Rhyolite—Shows peculiar flowing structure hence its 
name from rheo, to flow, containing crystals feldspar 
or quartz. 

Porphyrite—A volcanic rock; close-grained and 
breaking with an even fracture; it is formed almost 
entirely of feldspar with some magnetite (iron color 
black). 

Trachyte—A rock of various colors hard but brit¬ 
tle with rough fracture. It is the volcanic representa¬ 
tive of syenite. It was originally poured out a thick 
viscious lava-stream. Sanidin is always well represented 
which form glassy crystals in the base with oligoclase 
F. S. and crysolite ore (alumina 13.0, fluorine 54.2, 
sodium 32.8). % 

Minette—A volcanic rock, it is a dark colored fel- 
sitic rock in which biotite is an abundant mineral; it 
occurs chiefly in dikes and intrusive veins. 

Phonolite-Clinkstone—A hard compact rock which 
rings under the hammer. Gray, grayish-blue to brown¬ 
ish. It turns by weathering. It consists of the minerals 
orthoclase (F. P.) (Saqidin) nepheline, hornblende and 
titanite; silica 30.6, titanium 40.83 and lime 28.57. It 
is a nepheline-trachyte and often contains large and well 
defined crystals of amphibole (silica, lime, magnesia, 
manganese) both sanidin and nepheline show very clear 
and their presence admit of approximate identification 
of the rock. 

Quartz-diorite—Both a metamorphic and eruptive 
rock consisting of quartz and plagioclase with horn- 
blend ; it is a very tough grayish to greenish-white 
rock rich in silver; its texture varies from coarse to fine 
grained, often porphyritic, called also greenstone. 

Quartz-porphyry—An eruptive grayish to greenish 
rock, consisting of minutely crystalline paste of quartz; 
oligoclase, hornblende; with large crystals of the same 
and titanite. It occurs in large masses having prob¬ 
ably been ejected through fissures; it is tough and 
coarse in fracture. 

Dacite (quartz-andesite)—An eruptive dull gray¬ 
ish-green rock compact but not hard, and consists of 
feldspar, hornblende, quartz, small crystals of oligoclase 
sanidin and magnetite. 

Diorite—An eruptive coarse to fine-grained com¬ 
pact rock, like syenite in structure; color light-gray 
and green to dark greenish black; the hornblende is 
easily recognized in the form of small needles and the 
feldspar is more often flesh-colored than white; it oc¬ 
curs chiefly in wide dikes and fissures. 

Andesite—An eruptive hard compact rock consis- 


COMPENDIUM 


7 


ing of the minerals, andesite, crystals of augite or horn¬ 
blende, biotite and magnetite with labradorite as the 
chief feldspar. 

Augite-andesite—Is a dark-gray nearly black 
rock with dark-colored crystals of augite. Hornblende 
adesite is a pale-gray compact rock in which dark, 
green hornblende crystals occur in small columnar forms 
occasionally the hornblende appears surrounded by pale- 
green stains indicating its alteration into chlorite. Ande¬ 
sites are of wide occurrence; they have been poured out 
from dikes and fissures. 

Gabro—An eruptive rock occurring in intrusive 
dikes and sheets; its color varies from dark-gray, black¬ 
ish to brown; rusty red and ‘sometimes bright spangles 
of mica. 

Dolerite—A very hard, crystalline eruptive rock, 
its color is always dark from grayish and bluish to 
greenish-black and brownish-black. It is a crystalline 
variety of basalt. 

Basalt—A compact minutely crystalline mixture of 
labradorite and augite with olivine magnetite, etc. It is 
a very common, eruptive rock filling volcanic vents, fis¬ 
sures and covering large areas of country. 

Diabase—An ancient dolerite or crystalline basalt; 
it is a dark compact rock resembling dolerite and ba¬ 
salt from which it can generally be distinguished by 
the presence of light-green patches of chlorite arising 
from the decomposition of the olivine constituents. No 
glass in base. 

Breccia—A rock formed out of the angular frag¬ 
ments ejected from volcanoes; it is of frequent occur¬ 
rence in lava-flows; some of sedimentary origin. 

Tufa—A similar rock of like origin, but with the 
fragment smaller; it is a fine sand conglomerate. 

Gneiss—'May be called bedded granite showing a 
bedded appearance prettily banded or streaked with 
mica, if mica preponderates, it is called Mica Gneiss; 
if horneblende, Hornblende Gneiss. 

Schist—May be called laminate gneiss or granite be¬ 
ing finely divided into lamina or leaves, this foliated 
structure is due to the arrangements of flat-lying 
crystals of mica or hornblende; it may be a Mica- 
Shist or a Hornblende-Shist. 

Quartz—The mineral silica. It often occurs in 
veins, sheets and dikes, more especially in the older 
formations; it is of various colors from pure white to 
gray, blue and even black. 

Is too well known to need special description, by the 
hexagonal prism. 


8 


BENSON’S 


Obsidian—A black, brown, red or green volcanic 
glass generally or most always of some dark color, 
looking and breaking like dark glass. 

Is a vitrified lava or volcanic glass. 

Pitchstone—A dark glassy rock with numbers of 
small crystals of glassy feldspar; and sometimes crys¬ 
tals of sanidin, quartz and mica. It is a glassy feld- 
site which has cooled rapidly. 

Pegmatite, is quartz, Feldspar, regularly arranged. 

Basalt—Honeycombed like sponge from escape of 
steam and oxidation. 


SPAR. 

Barite—Heavy spar. Indicate ore near by. 
Feldspar—Spar or Orthoclase, common Feldspar. 
Fluorspar—Easily scratched with knife. 

Calcspar—Will not scratch glass. Indicate ore 
near by. 

Orthoclase—Or common Feldspar, a potash feld¬ 
spar. 

Oligoclase—A soda lime. 


COMPENDIUM 


9 


METAMORPHIC ROCKS. 

Quartzite — A compact exceedingly hard rock com¬ 
posed, of granular quartz; it is a metamorphic sand¬ 
stone and it occurs in interstratified beds. 

Was originally a sandstone composed of quartz 
grains which, by heat, have pressed together. 

Serpentine—A yellow, greenish-yellow or green 
mottled rock, greasy to touch and easily scratched with 
a knife; it is a result of the decomposition of olivin 
bearing schist, the silicate of magnesia contained in the 
olivine rock having become hydrated (i. e., watered or 
moistened) ; metamorphic. 

Is a green magnesian rock sometimes found with 
marble and igneous rocks. 

Marble—A granular or crystalline limestone, due 
to metamorphism; of various colors from white to 
gray, with reddish and other tints; impurities are mica, 
tremolite, pyroxene, scapolite, serpentine, chlorite, spinel 
graphite, etc. Varieties: Calcite dolomite and calcite- 
dolomite marble. 

Limestone changed to a crystalline condition. 

Slate—A hard consolidated shale; it splits off into 
laminae, which have nothing to do with the original 
planes of deposit; but are the result of cleavage; color 
gray, blue, green, purple and sometimes black; roofing 
slate is a compact kind which splits into very fine and 
even sheets. 

Is shale altered by heat into a hard crystalline 
structure. 

Argillite—A slate in which more or less mica is 
present; the flakes of the mica occur in layers along 
the cleavage plains a result of metamorphism. 

Mica-Schist—A foliated arrangement of quartz and 
mica probably a schistose-greisen granite; it is gener¬ 
ally associated with archaean rocks metamorphic. 

Chlorite-Schist—Another metamorphic rock con¬ 
sisting of_ a foliated arrangement of quartz, etc., with 
gneiss. 

Hornblende-Schist—A foliated arrangement . of 
quartz and hornblende sometimes with orthoclase; it is 
a dark greenish in color and is a schistose structure of 
amphibole or massive hornblende. 

Talcose-Schist—An arrangement of quartz and talc 
in layers; it is a light green in color, very greasy to the 
touch and occurs only in isolated beds. Metamorphic. 

Hydromica-Schist—Commonly called talcose-schist, 
it is a chloritic mica-schist with water, 



10 


BENSON’S 


STRATIFIED, SEDIMENTARY OR AQUEOUS 
ROCK. 

Silt—A fine sediment gathered by water in hollow 
places. 

Alluvium—Silt Till—Alluvium called unstratified 
drift. 

Detritus—Is a general term applied to earth, etc. 

Clay—An exceedingly fine-grained, soft moist rock. 

Marl—General term used for all compounds of lime 
and clay. 

Mudstone—Massive consolidated clay; it does not 
split into layers or laminae. 

Shale—A consolidated clay; it splits into thin par¬ 
allel laminae: shales was probably deposited as silt in 
the beds of rivers, lakes, estuaries (arm of the sea or 
the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the 
currents or flows and ebbs) contains fossils. 

vSoapstone or Steatite—A highly compressed schis¬ 
tose massive talc often impure; color grayish-green, 
gray and white; easily cut with a knife; metamorphic. 

Sandstone—Consolidated Sand—It bears, the same 
relation to sand as conglomerate does to gravel and is 
the result of cementing action. Sandstones are composed 
of the mineral quartz. Calcareous sandstone is a vari¬ 
ety containing lime of a gray to white color. 

Conglomerate—Is gravel consolidated into a com¬ 
pact mass of pebbles cemented together. 

Pumice Stone—A light spongy, grayish rock which 
floats on water. It is a volcanic foam so to speak. 

Calcareous-Tufa (travertine)—A lime carbonate 
deposite formed by springs issuing from limestone and 
it is a sediment precipitated from their waters. 

Hydraulic limestone—Contains a small portion of 
clay and has the property of hardening under water 
after being calcined or burnt. 

Dolomite (magnesium limestone)—A dirty gray¬ 
ish or yellowish rock; when pure it consists of 54 per 
cent, magnesium carbonate, and 46 per cent, of calcium 
carbonate; it is harder than limestone and does not effer¬ 
vesce so freely in acid. 

Crinoidal-Limestone—A rock composed of the cal¬ 
careous remains of crinoids (term applied to extinct 
fossil) ; shells, corals and other marine life. 


COMPENDIUM 


ii 


Chalk—A soft white calcareous rock. 

Coral—A rock formed of the accumulated remains 
of the coral insect. 

Peat—A dark brown mass of compressed marshy 
vegetation; it is used as fuel. 

Grit—A variety of sandstone more common in the 
older formations ; it is composed of coarse angular 
grains of quartz; it was consolidated into stone within 
a short space of time after its separation from its par¬ 
ent rock. 

Flagstone—A sandy-slate or slaty-sandstone. 

Loess—A sandy light-colored clay; it is dry and 
compact. 

Till—A glacial-age deposit of boulders, clay, etc. 

Fuller’s Earth—A fine-grained argillaceous powder 
when pulverized. 

Tripoli Earth—A powdery rock, etc. 

Limestone—A grayish, yellowish, bluish or brown¬ 
ish rock of various degrees of purity; it is when pure 
formed of calcium carbonate, which has been precipi¬ 
tated from water holding lime in solution. H.=3. 
G 2.K0. 

Stalactites—These are pendent pillars of limestone 
and may be of any size, from a mere thread up to a 
solid pillar many feet in length and diameter; they are 
the results of dripping lime water. 

Siliceous Sinter—A white, gray, light pink or blue 
powdery deposit of almost pure silica which has been 
deposited from hot geysers and mineral springs. 

ERUPTIVE ROCKS. 

In color these rocks are some shade of gray, green 
or maroon or even white. Generally have a spotted 
appearance. 

INTRUSIVE PLUTONIC ROCK. 

Congealed and cooled deep down below the surface 
in great molten reservoirs called laccolites. 

QUARTZ PORPHYRIES. 

A gray rock spotted with crystals. At Leadville, 
spotted with white crystals. 

YOUNGER VOLCANIC ROCKS. 
ANDESITE. 

Light gray or pink with hornblende and mica. 


12 


BENSON’S 


ORE DEPOSITS. 

(This is Important.) 

Porphyry sheets, dikes with some other rock, 
interval between them is often occupied by a cont 


DIKES. 

Some of our most noted gold mines in the w 
are in these rotten “mineralized dikes or eruptive h 
trusive sheets. “Likely signs” in such would be rusty 
gossan stains of green carbonate of copper and 
gouge or clay matter. 

CONTACT DEPOSITS. 

Adjacent to a volcanic rock may have been aided 
in their deposition by steam issuing from the molten 
mass, or by heated waters or steam ascending with it * 
or generally by the heat of the dike, as heat together 
with moisture, is a great solvent of rocks and pro¬ 
moter of chemical action. y 

PORPHYRY. 

When a porphyry sheet intrudes itself into limestone 
as at Leadvilie the ore may be looked for on either 
side of this sheet, but more commonly below it 
line of contact one seam is apt to run down thro' 
joints or cracks in the limestone enlarging the era 
By solutions and substituting or replacing the dissol 
rock with silver-ead ore, by a process called “me 
somatic means, literally, an interchange between o 
body and another in this case it is an interchange be¬ 
tween metal and limestone. s 

blanket deposits, or bedding planes. 

Thus it is noticeable that besides great fissures 
forbore weakness or beddin S planes are favorite places 


TRUE FISSURE VEINS. 

springs a they Were the channels of mineral or hot 

HORSES. 

Country rock inclosed in the vein. 

SIGNS OF FAULTING. 

hv til generally the results of extreme folding induced 
not watered gas erUPt ' Ve f ° rCeS SUCh 35 steam and 


COMPENDIUM 


13 



Anticline and Syncline or stratified veins or beds- Such veins or ore deposits are of common occurrence 
in Nova Scotia. The gold mines on the Tanier river have been worked since 1861, in many cases profitable. 
See pages 12 and 14. 




























































14 


BENSON’S 




VARIOUS FORMS OF ORE DEPOSITS. 

Ore beds lie parallel to the planes of stratification 
and follow all the contortion of'enclosing strata. 

DEFINITION OF MINING TERMS. 

The inclination of a vein to the horizon is the 
“dip.” 

The horizontal direction of a vein at right angles 
to its dio is its “strike.” 

The angle of dip is usually taken from its varia¬ 
tions from a horizontal not a perpendicular. Gouge or 
selvage often times on one or both walls of a vein between 
the country rock and the gangue or vein proper, it is 
formed in process of slipping by its being smoothed 
slickensided, polished or grooved. 

SIGNS OF TRUE FISSURE VEINS. 

Show signs of motion or slipping on the sides of 
the fissure, such as slickensides gouge crushed walls, 
“horses” or “breccia”, the latter being small portions 
of the county rock surrounded and cemented by vein 
matter. 

In the Comstock the quartz is ground to powder. 
The vein itself though occupying a healed fault fissure 
may be itself faulted by the latter movements in the 
mountain after the vein has been formed. It is said 
to have produced about six hundred million. 

The vein-filled fissures being a line of weakness may 
be reopened by mountain movement and other or differ¬ 
ent combinations of ore introduced into the heart of 
the vein like deposits of ore and gouge matter. 

OUT CROP OF VEINS. 

Many rich deposits on the surface abounding with 
specimens of freegold have proved great disappoint¬ 
ments with depth. 

WIDTH OF VEINS. 

May vary in width or thickness from a half inch 
to hundreds of feet. The wide “mother” veins are 
always the most productive though they are very per¬ 
sistent in length and we may suppose in depth. 

TRUE FISSURE VEINS. 

Conforming in part to the bedding planes of strati¬ 
fication in part crossing them; slickensides or other 
signs of motion on the walls would prove it to belong 
to the true fissure class. Faults good sign of fissure 


COMPENDIUM 


15 





oj 

O 

b- 


1 


Fissure Veins. See pages ‘ 14 and 16. 









































i6 


BENSON’S 


RICHNESS WITH DEPTH. 

The assertion frequently made that vein should 
“grow in richness and size with depth” does not rest on 
any scientific basis. 

ERUPTIVE FORCES. 

The ultimate cause of the richness in veins of a 
district or locality is that local dynamite and eruptive 
forces were more energetic there than elsewhere, 
causing great disturbance of the rocks, accompanied by 
fissures and eruption of porphyry. 

CONTACT DEPOSITS. 

Ore deposits of Leadville occur at the contact of 
quartz, porphyry, and dolomitic blue limestone, and at 
Boulder, Central and Georgetown are at the contact of 
porphyry and granite or gneiss. 

The occurrences of veins in the limestone come un¬ 
der the class of bedded or blanket veins, pipe veins or 
pockets and show none of the characteristics of slipping 
or motion or fissure action. 

VEINS IN IGNEOUS AND GRANITE ROCK. 

Mineral deposits favor as a rule the older rocks, 
such as the Archaean and Paleozoic series, probably be¬ 
cause heat and metamorphic action are commoner in 
these older rock which have felt all the throes of the 
earth from the past to the present times. 

The bulk of all the precious minerals in Colorado 
comes from the older Archaean and Paleozoic series of 
rocks. 

INFLUENCE OF COUNTRY ROCK. 

Certain rock are notorious ore-bearers, that quartz- 
site and silicious rocks generally carry more pyrites 
and are gold bearing. Veins in granitic rocks carry a 
greater variety of minerals than others and may be both 
gold and silver bearing. 

Certain limestone carry much argentiferous galena. 

For cross-cut tunnel see page 43 showing how easily 
a vein could be missed. 

TRUE FISSURE FILLING. 

Indicated by the ore occurring in banded or rib¬ 
boned structure by the presence of selvage or mud 
seams, slickensides well defined walls and evidences of 
extensive faulting. 

Irregular distribution of ore bodies. That the ore 
bodies, or pay ores, of veins do not continue regularly 


COMPENDIUM 


1 7 



FIC 3 


COMSTOCK AND VIRGINIA MINES 
STATE! Of 7 NEVADA 


Comstock Vein, Nevada, See page 14. 















18 


BENSON’S 


for very great distance, is a remarkable fact. The valu¬ 
able ores are generally confined to chutes, pipes, pock¬ 
ets, etc. 

This law is universal, and its effects may be ac¬ 
counted for on the following hypothesis, viz: 

First—The mineral-bearing solution circulating 
through the cavities were confined to distinct outlined 
areas and hence did not circulate uniformly throughout 
the entire fissure plain. 

Second—The arising waters were not of equal in¬ 
tensity, viz., in velocity, temperature and precipitating 
action. 

Third—Waters circulating through certain parts 
of the fissure were more heavily impregnated with 
metals than those circulating through other parts. 

Fourth—In some portions of the fissure the circu¬ 
lation was carried on for greater lengths of time than 
in other parts. 

Fifth—Nucleus conditions were unequal, or that 
condition whch would cause the minerals to collect 
only around certain points or in pockets, and lenticular 
masses seoarated bv various intervals of space from each 
other were not everywhere present. 

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORE 
DEPOSITS. 

The following classification is believed to embrace 
the more common types: 

First—Stratified veins or beds. 

Second contact veins. 

Third—Fissure veins. 

Fourth—Segregation veins. 

Fifth—Massive or chamber deposits. 

Sixth—Gash veins. 

Seventh—’Impregnation veins. 

Eighth—Stockwork deposits. 

Ninth—Fahlband deposits. 

GENERAL PRINCIPALS RELATING TO ORE 
DEPOSITS. 

(1) Ore deposits occur most frequently in the 
older formations and in the crystalline or volcanic rock 
out at or near the junction of volcanic rocks and sedi¬ 
mentary formation. 

(2) They are most frequently associated with 
porphyries and other igneous rocks and in formations 
that are generally tipped up at large angles. 

(3) Heavy gossan (iron capping) indicates exten¬ 
sive sulphide ore bodies at depth. 


COMPENDIUM 


i 9 


(4) Veins that follow the general course of the 
mountain ranges are nearly always the most prominent 
and productive. 

(5) Gold veins, carrying their values in whole or 
in part in cubical iron pyrites very rarely ever afford 
values; when the ore changes to a marcasite or white 
iron. 

(6) Intrusive porphyry, more especially quartz 
porphyry, in a vein or when occurring in any form 
nearby is a favorable indication of valuable ore deposits. 

MINING ENGINEER. 

Should in the first place be a thorough practical 
miner trained in all the details and methods of under¬ 
ground mining. 


MINE SAMPLING. 

DIVISIONS OF ORES. 

(1) Positive ore or ore in sight sampled on three 
sides with reasonable distance. 

(2) Probable ore or ore not fully proven includ¬ 
ing also low grade ores in sight. 

(3) Possible ore or ore reasonably assumed to 
exist but not sampled on more than one side or on no 
side. 

Thus:— 

ESTIMATED VALUE OF MINE. 


Total. 

(1) Positive Value .$- 

(2) Probable Value ..$- 

(3) Possible Value . ; .$- 


Total estimate value of mine. 

SAMPLING A MINE. 


Section 1. 

2 feet at $20.00 per ton. $40.00 

3 feet at $12.00 per ton ..• • 36.00 

5 feet at $10.20 per ton . 5 1 - 00 

7 feet at $8.00 per ton .. 56.00 

6 feet at $4.00 per ton . 24.00 


23 feet ...$207.00 

$207.oo-h23=$9.oo, average value of ore. 

The above rule will apply to any number of sections. 


QUESTIONS. 

Are constantly arising that must be decided by 
that judgment alone, which comes only from experience 
and knows no set rules or formulas. 















20 


BENSON’S 




A GLOSSARY OF MINING TERMS. 

ABIT—A horizontal drift. 

ARASTRA—A circular mill. 

ARGENTIFEROUS—Silver-bearing (Lat.). 

AURIFEROUS—Gold-bearing (Lat.). 

BLACK JACK—A dark variety of zinc. 

BLENDE—A sulphide of zinc. 

BED—A horizontal seam or deposit of ore. 

CARBONATES—The combination of carbonic 
acid with a base; soft carbonates have lead for a base; 
hard carbonates have iron for a base; an ore of lead 
and silver. 

CHIMNEY—A pocket or ore body when found 
pipe shape with general perpendicular position. 

CHUTE—(or shoot)—A chimney of ore; trench 
or a flume for sliding ore. 

DRIFT—An underground passage driven horizon¬ 
tally on or with the vein. 

EYE—The top of a shaft. 

GAD—A small pointed wedge. 

Gash Vein—Continues only a short distance below 
the sod, generally narrowing as it descends. 

GEODE—A round nodule of stone containing a 
cavitv studded with crystals of mineral matter. 

GNEISS—A rock composed of the same constitu¬ 
ents as granite but foliated or stratified. 

GOSSAN—Iron Hut; Eisen Hut (Ger.)—The out¬ 
crop of a lode; it being usually colored by the decom¬ 
position of the iron. (Von Cotta). 

GRANITE—A plutonic crystalline rock, composed 
of feldspar, quartz and mica. 

GASH VEINS—A most disappointing class of ore 
deposits are “gash veins”; this class is illustrated on 
page 21 in Fig. 4; gash veins are often taken for sim¬ 
ple fissures, from which they differ by their irregular¬ 
ity in strike and dip. They thin out in sharp taper¬ 
ing points and divide and disappear altogether at 
considerable depth. A common occurrence in this 
class of veins is what is called a horse; they are, 
in fact metalliferous accumulations fillii g superficial 
cracks or cavities in the earth-crust, indirectly con¬ 
nected with more profound fissure vents through which 


COMPENDIUM 


21 






Gash Veins. See page 20. 


















22 


BENSON’S 


the ores were conveyed and deposited by the same uni¬ 
versal law of subterranean circulating mineral-bearing 
waters. That veins of this class are connected in some 
way or other with previously existing subterranean 
water passages is conclusive. 

INFILTRATION THEORY—That which refers 
to origin of the ore to the deposit of mineral from 
water holding it in solution. 

INJECTION THEORY—That which refers to 
origin of the ore to the introduction of igneous fluid. 

LODE—An aggregation of mineral matter contain-, 
ing ores in fissures. A vein of metallic ore in fissures. 
A vein of metallic ore. A ledge, a fault in the country 
which has become mineralized. 

MATRIX—(of the lode—The country rock in 
which the vein is found; the rock or earthy material 
enclosing the ore. 

MOYLE—A short bar sharpened to a point used in 
cutting hitches in broaching. 

SILVER GLANCE—An ore, when pure contains 
87 per cent, silver and 13 per cent, sulphur. 

STRIKE—The extension of a lode or deposit on 
a horizontal line. Synonymous with trend or course. 

VOLCANIC emanations and hot springs contain 
metallic minerals; so also do the waters of the ocean, 
but we know not from what depth the former came, 
nor from what source the latter derived them. As cir¬ 
culating waters take up and throw down their metallic 
contents under varying conditions, the same material 
may have been deposited more than once, and in more 
than one form since it reached the rocky crust. 

. PEAT is vegetation brought down from higher 
regions periodically deluging the swamps and swamp 
vegetation with river and flood deposits of pebbles and 
sand under pressure of which the peat gradually 
turned into coal. 

IGNEOUS nearby all sedimentary rocks (limestone 
excepted) are derived from fragments of igneous and 
metamorphic rocks probably nine-tenths of the sedi¬ 
mentary rocks are derived from granite alone. The re¬ 
mainder from the igneous rocks such as porphyry, ba¬ 
salt, etc. 

ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 

Crystalline rocks are made up of certain distinct 
minerals, most of them of quartz, feldspar, and mica 
with sometimes also hornblende and augitc. 

CALCSPAR— will not scratch glass; it will not 
effervesce with acid. 


COMPENDIUM 


n 


BARYTE, heavy spar, will not effervesce with 

acid. 

FELDSPAR, nearly as hard as quartz; their colors 
are white, grayish and flesh color; are not as transpar¬ 
ent as quartz. 

ORTHOCLASE or common feldspar; a potash 
feldspar, the other called oligoclase a soda-lime feld¬ 
spar ; the former is very characteristic of granite rocks 
as well as of ign'eous porphyries. The latter is rather 
more characteristic of more recently erupted igneous 
rocks, such as diorite, basalt, andesite, etc. 

ORTHOCLASE is generally large crystals. 

OLIGOCLASE, small even to microscopic. 

MICA, both black and white, needs no description. 

HORNBLENDE differs from mica being of a 
duller lustre and a different form; color greenish black; 
the greenish tint is distinct when the crystal is struck 
by a hammer. 

AUGITE of pyroxene is scarcely distinguishable 
from hornblende. 

TALC, soft sticky or slippery decomposed rock. 

CHLORITE, a magnesian mineral; it is a name 
given to almost any greenish rock of a schistose and 
soft decomposed character. 

CALCITE is a carbonate of lime, distinguished by 
softness and effervescing in acid. 

DOLOMITE or carbonate of lime calcite and is 
the element of lime and magnesian limestone, to effer¬ 
vesce, powder it and heat the acid. 

GYPSUM or sulphate of lime can be distinguished 
by its softness being scratched by the finger nail. Lime 
32.50, sulhpuric acid 46.60, water 20.90. 

FLUORSPAR, easily scratched with a knife; its 
colors are green, purple, yellow, blue or white. 

UPLIFT—Of Black Hills of Dakota—They are a 
wooded island 3,000 feet above the ocean like prairie, 
being an independent uplift 100 miles distant from the 
Rocky Mointains; the uplift is oval, about 120 miles 
long, by 50 miles wide; the central mass is granite; 
with sedimentary rocks of all ages from Cambrian to 
Tertiary dipping away from it on all sides; the Hills 
contain iron, copper, tin, gold and silver; also gold- 
bearing pyrites. 

HOMESTAKE MINE. In sketch, the porphyry cap 
of the Homestake vein is shown. The porphyry flowed 
sometimes beneath the Potsdam, sometimes on it, and 
beneath the Carboniferous, sometimes it lifted up the 
overlying strata by a thick intrusive sheet. The Home- 
stake property or section 6,000 by 2,000 feet constitutes 


24 


BENSON’S 





Homestake Vein, South Dakota. See page 23- 















COMPENDIUM 


25 


the gold belt. The ore is not continuous; but in great 
“shoots” or “pipes” of lenticular shape; in cross-section 
the shoots cross the dip. In the Homestake are sheets 
of porphyry cutting across or parallel with the strati¬ 
fication. The influence of this porphyry on the lode is 
good, enriching the bed and by oxidation rendering the 
ores more free milling. 

DEVONIAN age is well shown at the Eureka 
Mines, Nevada. The rocks appear to be mostly marine 
limestone full of corals and shells and a few remains 
of gigantic fishes, for which this age was celebrated. 
Lead-silver ores may be expected in the limestone of 
this age. 

BASSICK—Celebrated mine. The mine is in the 
throat of an old crater of andesite; filled with boulders 
of granite and andesite bedded in gravel and sand. The 
ore of the Bassick appears as concentric zones or shells 
around these boulders as a replacement of the gravelly 
matrix. The entire mass has been permeated by heated 
waters. 

GASES and materials ejected from volcanoes. At 
Cripple Creek, the many different gases had much to 
do with the formation of ore deposits; volatile metals 
issuing from volcanic vents at a high temperature 
react. 

SULPHURETS of silver, this term among min¬ 
ers is loosely used, and often means some decomposed 
ore that cannot be determined at sight, but may assay 
high in silver; true sulphuret or sulphide of silver is 
a name embracing a large family of rich silver ores; 
among which are stephanite or brittle silver, argentite 
or silver glance; sylvanite or graphic tellurium and 
polybasite; all these rich ores are compounds of sul¬ 
phur and other ingredients in varying proportions. 

LIME—Blue. The lower carboniferous blue lime¬ 
stone is compact, homogeneous and composed of pure 
carbonate of lime. 

WATER—Hot mineral matter is carried from one 
place to another within the earth’s crust by heat and 
water or these combined. 

MINERAL—Matter is carried from one place to 
another by heat and water. 

LEAD ORES. 

Anglesite, 67 per cent. p. b.; boulangerite, 58, p. b.; 
bournonite, 42, p. b.; cerusite, 77, p. b.; crocoite, 64 per 
cent, p. b.; galena, 86 per cent. p. b.; mimeite, 69 per 


2 6 


BENSON’S 


cent. p. b.; minium, red lead, 90 per cent p. b.; pyromor- 
phite, 75 per cent. p. b. 

The chief commercial ores are anglesite, cerussite, 
galena and pyromorphite. The annual output of the 
metal is 24 to one million tons. United States and 
Spain, 200,000 tons each; Germany, 140,000 tons ; Mexico, 
75,000 tons; United Kingdom and Australia, 50,000 
tons each. Value in last 10 years, $70 to $100 per ton. 

LEAD—Occurs as carbonate and sulphate and 
deep in the mines, as sulphide specimens are common of. 
galena, nodules surrounded by a thin coat of sulphate 
and that again by a coat of carbonate, showing the or¬ 
der of transition from sulphide to sulphate and thence 
to carbonate. 

In the IRON MINE, LEADVILLE, native julphur 
occurs as an alteration product of galena. 

IRON AND MANGANESE constitute rather a 
gangue material than an ore; they are hydrated oxides 
and protoxides. The iron was originally deposited as 
sulphide or pyrites but has been wholly transformed by 
oxidation. 

AGENTS of alteration were on surface. 

WATERS which contain everywhere carbonic acid 
oxygen matter chloride of sodium (common salt) and 
phosphoric acid; the rocks through which these waters 
passed such as porphyries and limestones were found 
to contain phosphoric acid and chlorine; while organic 
matter exists in the BLUE LIMESTONES; and in the 
overlying SHALES and SANDSTONES are many, 
carbonaceous beds and even BEDS of COAL; water 
passing through these rocks would take up all elements 
and be ready for chemical reation. 

ORIGIN OF ORE DEPOSITS. 

FISSURE VEINS it is quite probable that they 
have their origin in complex Assuring, which affords 
conduits for the infiltrating mineral waters which sub¬ 
sequently formed the receptacles and deposited the 
ORES. 

UNITED VERDE MINE, ARIZONA, observed 
the origin of that through ascending solutions country 
rock surrounded with solid bornite chalcopyrites and 
other copper minerals; Jerome, Ariz. 

GASH VEINS occur in Cripple Creek, Colo. 
NEVADA at Columbia and Cornucopia ; in Elko County 
and at the Vulture Mine, Arizona, and many other 
places throughout this and other countries. 

Various writers have referred to gash-like depos- 


COMPENDIUM 


2 7 






<2 

O 

\l 




Segregation Veins. See page 28. 















28 


BENSON’S 


its of lead ores occuring in joints and between layers 
of the limestones. 

SEGREGATION VEINS. 

This class of ore deposits is illustrated in Fig. 6; 
they consist of a more or less lenticular arrangement 
of the metalliferous accumulation between the foliations 
and crimped-like surfaces of the enclosing rocks. The 
vein stone is generally well crystallized and often ex¬ 
hibits the banded structure so common in fissure in the 
absence of evidence of extensive faulting, and also in 
their persistency in conforming with the foliation of the 
enclosing rocks. 

They differ from the contact and bedded classes 
in the irregularity of the ore masses, and also in the 
structure of the vein stone and arrangement of the 
contained minerals. It frequently happens that veins 
supposed to be of this class, on further exploration, 
prove to be fissure veins, by cutting across the stratifica¬ 
tion of the country rocks; for this and other reasons 
mentioned above, it is quite likely that veins of this 
class are often wrongly designated “contact deposits” 
when they should be called simple or true fissures. 

OCCURRENCE—The well known lead-silver mines 
of the Cour D’Alene district, Idaho, occur in most part 
in deposits of this class. The ore of that district oc¬ 
curs in SLATES and quartzite rocks, in which it often 
forms large masses and pockets. Many of the low-grade 
gold mines of the Black IHills, S. D., occuring in the 
ALGONKIAN SCHIST are also this class. The occur¬ 
ence of these veins is common and widespread in gen¬ 
eral, are persistent / in depth as simple fissures, though 
less regular in the arrangement of the ore masses. 

BANDED OR RIBBON STRUCTURE. 

Not an uncommon characteristic of the typical true 
fissure vein, is the occurence of what is known as the 
banded, or ribboned, structure. This ribboned-like ar¬ 
rangement of the ore is exhibited in Fig. 7, in this 
type of veins the ore arranges itself in alternating layers. 
Thus, in the figure: 1-1 may carry lead ore; 2-2 
manganese or 3-3 copper ore, the center streak. A often 
consists of a mixture of all of these ores, together with 
numerous cavities (vugs) carrying well defined crystals 
of quartz, calcite, etc. 

Talc or Kaolinite seams occur between the different 
layers, and also often in the center streak. A. This 
is evidence of periodical movement—a result due to 
motion of either, wall in any direction within the fissure 
plane. 


COMPENDIUM 


29 



True Fissure Veins. Banded or Ribbon Structure. 
See page 28. 
































30 


BENSON’S 


UNDER IRREGULAR DISTRIBUTION of ores 
we have already shown that the arising waters circulat¬ 
ing through fissure vents may carry in solution of vari¬ 
ous kinds and deposit these at points where nucleus 
conditions are favorable. 

Hence we may suppose (See Fig. 7) that the first 
or original fracture was through the center streak A. 
This marked the first epoch which was followed by 
three others in this case. The next epoch caused a shat¬ 
tering of the walls and developed openings for the 
passage of percolating mineral waters through 3 and 3. 
(See illustration on page 29.) These waters contained in 
solution minerals different, perhaps, to those previously 
deposited in A. Streak having previously been miner¬ 
alized did not afford the necessary nucleus conditions 
for other minerals, so the deposit of the unlike min¬ 
eral was made along the existing shattered walls 3-3. In 
like manner we may assume that the remaining bands 
of dissimilar minerals had their origin. 

INDEPENDENCE and PORTLAND MINES at 
Victor, Colo., from which Fig. 8 was made, we note 
stockwork occurring in phonolite dike veins; here the 
low grade ore of the included dike rock is broken down 
with the two streaks of high grade ore on each side 
(See Fig. 8) and sorted out on top. 

The gold bearing veins of the Cripple Creek Dis¬ 
trict in an andesitic-breccia formation, and those of 
many other districts, do not show the internal structure 
of this class of veins, nevertheless these belong to the 
fissure vein type. The Cripple Creek District has been 
and now is one of the most prolific gold producing 
camps in the United States, if not' in the world. 

The silver mines at CALICO, CAL., belong to the 
same class. 

STOCKWORK—IMPREGNATION DEPOSITS. 

We have already referred the genesis of vein fill¬ 
ings of this class to classes identical to those of fissure 
veins. This class of veins are nearly always confined 
to igneous or crystalline rocks. It now remains to point 
out how extermely plausible is the assumption, that the 
impregnations or clusters of ore occurring on either or 
both sides of the fissure have originated from stockwork 
formed with the fissure due to a sudden cooling and 
contraction of the heated rocks: this sudden cooling of 
the rocks might have been induced by periodical and 
rapid inflow of cold waters from the surface, which we 
may suppose would have become converted into steam 
and escaped through the same exit (See Fig. 9.) 


3 i 


COMPENDIUM 


m?, 


1 ' - 7 - r ' ' / ^ , ^ V 

/ / Z'- / ' - 

. 'v ^ > / / w ^ "* / 

iff w ^ ' /J ' / v ' / ^ > 

/\>V ; i- ', N -"C, 

' x ' — 1 v / / v . N ^-J 

V *> . V. ' ' ^ / 4 / i / 

V 1 ^ v • / /■"*■ / /*" ^ v - 

v '~/' 7 O z C '-// 

*^/y y ^ ^ / --//Ch 

'-V^ 7 /, p/ * 7 ® 

/' 7 N ' o J 

c zi " "'/j 7 / o* 

£'j> >',0 y 

' /. / / /- \ 

- / 


- / 



1 "> > / 'v 

>vX 

✓ ' «v' V ^ '/ 

< n>/ 7 x; 



V > r V 7 ><« 
>V> "✓ 7 > 
v ^ Vs O. ^ 

/ s'/ / ^N/ s 

v 7 - V v / > 

7 >y z' ^ 


z' 


(/ 7 


/ / 







"X X 


<u 


0 
I 



J / v ' / x S '* 

//'-> "'' 
'n v / N v 

-'-z 7 7 <, >' 

'/ z'''z z" 7 

6 ' ; 7 7 7 :'<v 

^ 7 7 » ->, z v V 

Z - / ./ z z' 

'/z>vN>vC 

✓ N / '>/ 4 / 

7 '' 7 z,V,VZ 7 

-s // * ' , N ' 

-v ^ ^ x' -N 

^ / , 

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7 > - * I 


^ 7 \ 2 ? r >/ 


FIG 


Independence and Portland. See page 30. 















BENSON’S 



0 ) 

u 

ll 


Impregnation and Stock Work Deposits. See page 30. 








compendium 


33 



SILVER PEAKE (NEVADA)—MINES. 

A cross section of the vein on the ELIZABETH; 
A is at the cropping of the vein; B is a prospective tun¬ 
nel ; C is tunnel; they cut the vein at 400 feet in a 
pinch, and thinking this was not the vein drove ahead 
about 400 feet, found no vein, they came back to the 
small vein that they cut at the first 400 feet and com¬ 
menced work; it soon opened up to a large vein of 
ore as they sunk and raised. This vein runs from 30 
inches to 50 feet in width; it is on the same vein as 
DRINK WATER and other properties known as the 
Blair holdings; the average value of the ore of the 
Elizabeth mine is $11.40 per ton. It carries one ounce 
silver per ton; balance gold. 
















34 


BENSON’S 



FIG II 

Fig. n. 


This vein lays one-half mile southwest of town of 
Silver Peak. A vein lying nearly horizontal in a sugar 
loaf 5 to 6 feet wide, carrying silver of a good grade; 
no gold. 



AT OROBLANCO, ARIZONA. This is a sketch 
of a small mountain of birds-eye porphyry on the side 
of which lays a bunch of quartz 8 feet thick, 6o feet 
wide and 200 feet long, carrying an average value of 
$12.60 per ton in gold. A is the ore lying on birds-eye 
porphyry; B, is ore in the porphyry, 7 feet at surface and 
tapers down to a feather edge in less than 20 feet; the 
ore cuts out entirely, a crack or seam with slicken sides 
continues on down. 












COMPENDIUM 


35 





Seven and one-half miles northwest of Hornbrook, 
SISKIYOU CO., CAL. This is a ridge of pot granite; 
A and A is vein 4 inches thick; it lays horizontal 
(blanket vein), this ore averages $20.00 per ton gold, 
thus the saving from the arastra by amalgamation the 
granite is bored with coal augar. 







BENSON’S 


36 


Fig. 14. 

GILLSON MINE, two and one-half miles south¬ 
west of Hornbrook, Siskiyou County, Cal. See Fig. 14 
A-A, A vein of ore, one to eight feet thick; with a 
streak of black slate overhead; this black slate lays on 
the ore; it is a blanket vein, with a slight dip of 5 de¬ 
grees, as it goes into the mountain. D is a tunnel; C 
C C is uppers from Tunnel D. E is a winze 50 feet deep. 
From the discovery, the ore continued for about 300 
feet; at the end of black slate there was no more ore 
after doing a great deal of work without success in 
finding the ore, a winze was sunk 18 feet, at which point 
they found the vein and ore with the black slate over 
head; the ore continued for some 300 feet and again it 
disappeared; a winze, G, was sunk 32 feet, and again 
the vein was encountered, and it continued for some 300 
feet, and turned up at H, the ore has not been found 
since; it quit at H. The average recovery by amalga¬ 
mation was $35 to $40 per ton of ore. The ore was 
taken out for some 1,200 feet along the horizontal plane, 
of the bedded vein of ore; it made its owner wealthy. 
It is evident that this vein was formed on a horizontal 
plane with but a very slight incline extending through 
the width of the. mountain as it stands at this time. 
This has been proven by the discovery of the vein 
on the west side of the mountain. The ore is identical 
in character as the ore on the east side of the mountain 
as shown in Fig. 14. It lays in the same, blanket form 
with like dip into the mountain, and drops at about 
the same intervals. At the time the unheavel occurred 
that formed the mountain. The steam, gases and fumes 
were forced up through the earth’s crust of the moun¬ 
tain by the inflex of the cold water, which was made 
possible by the uplift fracturing and rending the rock 
through which the cold water descended into the molten 
furnace that must have existed far below the earth’s 
surface. The inflex of the cold water into the heated 
furnace, tending to add to its already furious and mad¬ 
dened condition by the great increase of steam that 
was generated from the cold water, come in contact with 
the already great force to such extent that it forced 
a large vent, many hundreds of feet in diameter, up 
through to the earth’s surface at the top of the moun¬ 
tain. Through which throat or vent the steam, gases 
and fumes escaped and at the same time, that part of 
the vein that lay across the path of the throat or vent, 
the ore was crushed and pulverized, liberating the gold 
to a great extent and forced it out onto the sides 
of the mountain and into the nearby ravines and 
later that portion of the gold that was liberated by 


COMPENDIUM 


37 


the crushing and pulverizing and was thrown out, lay 
along the sides of the mountain, and was carried down 
by the elements into the nearby ravines, from which 
there has been something like a million in gold recov¬ 
ered by sluicing and washing the sands of these ravines. 














































































































































































































38 


BENSON’S 


NORMAL FAULTS. 

Fig- 15 - 

Illustration of normal faults; in this kind of faults 
the displacement is downward in the direction A-D, 
on the fault plane. The portion of strata on the left 
hand side has, in this case, evidently moved upward, 
while, perhaps, the under portion or strata on the righlt, 
has moved downward; the resultant of both movements 
being the distance, B-C, which is equal to the displace¬ 
ment of the vein FCBE. The vertical dislocation of the 
vein, or of any other two corresponding points, is equal 
to the distance, B-G—this is called the throw, while the 
horizontal dislocation, G-C, is called the heave of the 
fault. Suppose, in working the ore body, the vein 
should be lost at either point B or C, in normal faults, 
the continuation of the vein is found as follows: 

Rule —If near the point where the vein is lost, the 
fault plane AD, is found to lie under foot, drive up¬ 
ward along the fault plane. No. 2—If near the point 
where the vein is lost the fault plane is found to lie 
overhead, drive downward. Observe In the figure the 
original position of FC. Note how FC was carried 
up from BJ, and how FI (equals JH) escaped 
erosion through the vertical denundation, K J H, of the 
overlying strata. Note also, in the figure that— 

(1) B C (sin. dip^^BG^throw of fault. 

(2) B C (cos. dip°)=GC=heave of fault. 

K r - J 

i \ 

« ' \ 



SECTION ILLUSTRATING NORMAL FAULT 









39 


COMPENDIUM 


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Plumas Eureka Mine is situated in Plumas County, California. It has been one of the 

greatest gold producer in the State. 

















































































































42 


BENSON’S 


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ncient Channel with gold bearing gravel, b b —Sandstones and shales. Fossil Bones and Silicificd wood. 






















COMPENDIUM 


45 







FIG.20 

Showing how cross cut tunnels and shafts may miss 
veins by change of dip or faulting. 

For a few feet from the surface on the steep slopes 
of a mountain it is quite common to find an ore de¬ 
posit dipping quite gently or even folded over and 
dipping in a contrary direction to that which it assumes 
with depth. This appears to arise from the weight of 
the strata above it, tending to bend it over downward 
in the direction of the slope of the hill, as shown in 
( Fig. 20, Vein B. Also in Fig. 3 (Comstock Vein, 
Nevada). The Sutro tunnel is six miles in length and 
tapped the Comstock fissure at' a depth of 2,000 feet, 
but did not prove to be a financial success (of it¬ 
self). However the mine was a great success, as it is 
said to have produced about six hundred million. 

Follow your ore and avoid cross-cut tunnels as 
much as possible consistent with good mining, as cross¬ 
cut tunnels have often proved to be expensive luxuries. 
At least considerable depth should be attained, as 
faults often occur or there may be a change in the dip 
as shown in Fig. 20 



FIG.21 


Fissure vein outcrop on hillside, showing surface work¬ 
ings. 







44 


BENSON’S 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 

Example —First find the weight in grains of an 
empty small glass No. i weight of glass, then 
fill to brim with water, then weigh water in glass, 
225-10 grains weight of water; after pouring out a 
small portion we find the weight of water 20 5-10 grains, 
left in glass; therefore, the weight of water poured out 
is 2 grains, after filling to brim with ore weight of water 
and ore 25 5-10 grains; weight of water after pouring 
out a few drops, 20 5-10; then weight of ore in glass, 
5 grains. Divide the 5 grains by the 2 grains of water 
poured out: 

2) 5 (2.5-10 Sp. Gr. 


LUSTRE—EXPLANATION OF. 

ADAMANTINE—The lustre of the diamond. 

DULL—A total absence of lustre, earthy. 

GREASY—Looking as if smeared with oil. 
VITREOUS—The lustre of broken glass. 

METALLIC—The usual lustre of metals. 

PEARLY—Like pearl. 

RESINOUS—The lustre of yellow resins. 

SHINING—The image produced is not well defined. 
SILKY—Like silk, a fibrous structure. 

SPLENDENT—Reflecting light with great brilliancy 
and giving well defined images. 

HOW TO WRITE INSCRIPTIONS ON METALS. 

Take one-half pound of nitric acid and one ounze 
of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it is 
ready for use. Cover the place you wish to mark with 
melted beeswax. When cold write your inscription 
plainly in the wax, clear to the metal, with a sharp 
instrument. Then apply the mixed aHds with a feather, 
carefully filling each letter. Let it remain from one to 
twenty minutes, according to appearance desired, then 
throw on water, which stops the process and remove 
the wax. 


LAND MEASURE. 

Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have 
a square acre within an inch. 


COMPENDIUM 


45 


COMPOSITION OF MINERALS. 

(By Prof. Edw. Dana). 

Per Cent. 

Magnetite—(Black Oxide). 

Oxygen . 27.60 

Iron . 72.40 

Hematite—(Iron Oxide). 

Iron . 70.00 

Oxygen . 30.00 

Bog Iron —( Limontite ). 

Iron . 59.80 

Oxygen .25.70 

Water . 14.50 

Iron Pyrite —( Marcasite)—White Iron. 

Iron . 46.60 

Sulphur . 53-40 

Magnetic Pyrite — ( Pyrrhotite ). 

Iron .•. 60.40 

Sulphur . 39-6o 

Arsenical Pyrite —( Arseno-Pyrite )— Mispickel. 

Iron .. 34-30 

Arsenic . 46.00 

Sulphur. 1970 

Carbonate of Iron — (Siderite). 

Iron Oxide . 62.10 

Carbonic Acid. 37-9° 

Manganese Glance —( Alabandite ). 

Manganese. 63.10 

Sulphur. 36.9° 

Gray Oxide of Manganese —( Manganite.) 

Manganese . 62.40 

Oxygen . 27.30 

Water . 10.30 

Red Carbonate of Manganese— (Rhodocrocite ). 

Manganese Oxide . 61.70 

Carbonic Acid. 38-3° 

























46 


BENSON’S 


Per Cent. 

Sylvanite — (Gold Tclluride ). 

Gold. 28.50 

Silver . 15 - 7 ° 

Tellurium . 55 - 8 ° 

Petzite—(Gold and Silver Tclluride). 

Gold. 25.50 

Silver . 42.00 

Tellurium . 32.50 

Calaverite—(Cripple Creek, Colo.). .. 

Gold . 44-50 

Tellurium . 55-50 

A little silver. 

Hessite—(Silver Telluride). 

Silver . 63.30 

Tellurium . 36.70 

Part of Silver Often Replaced by Gold — 

Silver Glance —( Argentite). 

Silver . 87.10 

Sulphur . 12.90 

Horn Silver— ( Cerargyrite). 

Silver . 75-30 

Chlorine . 24.70 

Brittle Silver — (Stephanyte). 

Silver . 68.50 

Sulphur . 16.30 

Antimony . 15.20 

Ruby Silver — (Pyrargyrfte). 

Silver . 59-90 

Sulphur . 17.80 

Antimony. 22.30 

Bromide of Silver — (Bromyrite). 

Silver . 57-40 

Bromine . 42.60 

Proustite—(Light Red Silver Ore). 

Silver . 65.50 

Arsenic. 15.10 

Sulphur . 19.40 

Antimonial Silver —( Dyscrasite). 

Silver . 72.90 

Antimony .27.10 

Antimonial Silver Sulphide — (Miargyrite). 

Silver .. 36.90 

Antimony. 41.20 

Sulphur . 21.90 

Silver and Copper Sulphide —( Stromeyerite ). 
Yankee Girl Mine, Silverton, Colo. 

Silver . 53-io 

Copper . 31.10 


































COMPENDIUM 


47 


Per Cent. 

Sulphur . 15,80 

Antimonial Sulphuret of Silver — (Freislebenite ). 

Silver . 24.50 

Lead . 31.30 

Antimony . 25.50 

Sulphur . 18.70 

Shermerite—(Boulder County, Colo.) 

Silver . 24.50 

Sulphur. 11.80 

Bismuth . 47 - 3 ° 

Lead . 16.40 

Red Oxide of Copper — (Cuprite.) 

Copper . 88.80 

Oxygen . 11.20 

Green Carbonate of Copper — (Malachite ). 

Copper Oxide .71.90 

Carbonic Acid . IQ.90 

Water . 8.20 

Black Oxide of Copper — (Tenorite-Melaconite ). 

Copper . 79.80 

Carbonic Acid . 20.20 

Water . 8.20 

Blue Carb of Copper — (Azurite). 

Copper Oxide . 69.20 

Carbonic Acid . 25.60 

Water . 5-20 

Copper Glance — (Redruthite). 

Copper . 80.00 

Sulphur . 20.00 

Copper Chloride — (Nantokite). 

Copper . 64.10 

Chlorine . 35 - 9 ° 

Peacock Copper Sulphite — (Bronite). 

Copper . 53 - 5 ° 

Iron . 16.40 

Sulphur. 28.10 

Copper Pyrites — (Chaleopyrite). 

Copper . 34-50 

Iron . 30-50 

Sulphur . 35 00 

Gray Copper — (Tetraherite) — Antim0nial. 

Copper . 52.10 

Sulphur. 23.10 

Antimony. 24.80 

Gray Copper — (Tennantite) — Arsenical. 

Copper . 57 - 5 ° 

Sulphur . 25.50 





































48 


BENSON'S 


Per Cent. 

Arsenic . 17.00 

Part of copper in both species is replaced 
by iron, zinc, silver, lead. 

Silicate of Copper — (Clirysocolla). 

Copper Oxide . 45.20 

Silica. 34.30 

Water . 20.50 


Bornite—(Purple Copper Ore). 


T C °PP er . 55-58 

Iron . 16.36 

Sulphur . 28.06 


Domeykite— (Arsenical Copper). 

Copper . 

. Arsenic . 

Chalcocite. 

Copper . 

Sulphur . 

Enargite. 

Sulphur . 

Arsenic . 

Copper . 

Bournonite. 

Sulphur . 

Antimony. 

Lead . 

Copper . 

Galena—(Lead Sulphide). 

Lead . 

Sulphur .. 

Lead Carbonate — (Cerussite). 

Lead Oxide. 

Carbonic Acid. 

Lead Oxide—{Massicot)—Lead Ocher. 

Lead . 

Oxygen . 

Lead Sulphate —( Anglesite). 

Lead Oxide . 

Sulphuric Acid . 

Silicate of Zinc — (Calamine). 

Lime Oxide . 

Silica . 

Water . 

Zinc Blende—(Black Jack). 

Zinc . 

Sulphur .. 

Zinc Carbonate, Dry Bone—(Smithsonide). 
Zinc Oxide . 


71.70 

28.30 

7980 

20.20 

32.50 
19.10 

48.40 

19.60 
25.00 

42.40 
13.00 

86.60 

13.40 

83-50 

16.50 

92.80 

7.20 

73-60 

26.40 

67.50 
25.00 

7-50 


; 67.00 

. 33-00 

. 64.80 


































COMPENDIUM 


49 


Per Cent. 

Carbonic Acid . 35-20 

Red Oxide of Zinc —( Trincite). 

Zinc . 80.30 

Oxygen . 1970 

Nickel Glance — (Gersdorffite). 

Nickel . 35.40 

Arsenic . 45-30 

Sulphur . 19-30 

Nickel Sulphide —( Polydymite ). 

Nickel . 59-40 

Sulphur . 40.60 

Nickel Tclluride — (Mclonite). 

Nickel . 23.80 

Tellurium . 7620 

Nicolite. 

Nickel . 43-6o 

Arsenic . 56.40 

Cinnabar. 

Mercury . 86.20 

Sulphur. I3-8o 

Calomel. 

Chlorine . I 5 - 10 

Mercury . 84.90 

Cobaliie. 

Cobalt . 35-50 

Sulphur . 19.30 

Arsenic . 45 - 2 ° 

Molybdenite. 

Molybdenum . 6o-oo 

Sulphur . 40.00 

Sperry life. 

Platinum . 56 - 5 ° 

Arsenic . 43-50 

Tin Stone — (Ca ssiterite ) —C ornzva 11 . 

Tin . 78.6o 

Oxygen . 21.40 

Tin Pyrites —( Stannite)—Bell Metal. 

Tin . 27.50 

Copper . 29.50 

Iron . T 3 10 

Sulphur. 29.90 

Platinum. . 


This metal is only found in metallic condition, 
sometimes alloyed with iridium or osmium. 

Graphite—{Plumbago). 

Carbon like the diamond, with some iron, oxide 
and clay. 

































50 


BENSON’S 


Per Cent. 

A lum — ( Kalinite ) — Native. 

Potassium Sulphate . 18.10 

Aluminum . 36.30 

Water . 45.60 

Asbestos. 

Silica. 59.00 

Magnesia . 29.00 

Lime . 6.00 

Alumina and Iron . 6.00 

Talc. 

Silica . 63.50 

Magnesia . 3170 

Water . 4.80 

M ica — ( Muscovite ). 

Silica . 45-20 

Almuina .?.38.50 

Potash . 11.80 

Water . 4.50 

Borax. 

Boric Acid . 36.60 

Soda . 16.20 

Water . 47-20 

Salt —( Halite)—Common or Rock Salt. 

Sodium . 39-30 

Chlorine . 60.70 

Saltpeter — (Niter). 

Potassium . 39-00 

Nitrogen . 14.00 

Oxygen . 47.00 

Cryolite —( Greenland ). 

Fluorine . 54.40 

Aluminum . 12.80 

Sodium . 32.80 

Fluor Spar — (Fluorite). 

Fluorine . 48.90 

Calcium . 51.10 

Barytes — (Barite)—Heavy Spar. 

Baryta . 65.70 

Sulphuric Acid . 34-30 

Feldspar — (Orthoclase). 

Silica . 64.70 

Alumni a . 18.40 

Potash . 16.90 

Diamond. 

Carbon . 100 

Sapphire. 

Alumina . too 




































COMPENDIUM 


5i 


Cobalt 


Per Cent. 
. .Trace 


Ruby. 

Alumina . 85.00 

Magnesia . 12.00 

Chromic Acid . 300 


Emerald. 

Silica . 67.00 

Alumina . 19.00 

Glucine (Berryllia) . 14.00 

T urquois. 

Alumina . l. 46.80 

Phosphoric Acid . 32.60 

Water . 20.60 


Garnet — {Almandite). 


Silica . 36.20 

Alumina . 20.50 

Iron . 43 - 3 ° 

$ 

Corundum. 

Aluminum . 52.90 

Oxygen . 47 - 1 ° 


To pas. 

Silicon . 

Aluminum . 

Fluorine . 

Oxygen . 

Amber —( Succinite ). 

Carbon . 

Hydrogen . 

Oxygen ... 

Onyx. 

Silica . 

Mexican Onyx — {Calcium Marble ). 

Lime ... 

Carbonic Acid . 


15.60 

29.90 

17.60 

36.90 

78.94 

10.53 

10 .53 
100 

56.00 

44.00 


Meerschaum. 
Silica ... 
Magnesia 
Water .. 


61.00 

27.00 

12.00 


Gypsum—{Sulphate of Lime)—Plaster of Paris. 

Time . 32.50 

Sulphuric Acid . 46.60 

Water . 2090 


UNIT VALUE. 

To figure the unit value of lead ore based on New 
York quotations at $4.00 per 100 pounds, each per cent, 
of lead contained in ore is equal to as many units. Ore 

































52 


BENSON'S 


carrying 50 per cent, of lead (or 50 units) is worth- 
for example: 60 cents per unit, or 50 times 60, equal 
$30.00 per ton if New York quotations is $4.00 pe 
hundred. For each decline or rise of 5 cents in th 
New York price, a deduction or addition of 1 cen 
should be made—for instance: If the New York quo 
tation on the day of settlement is $3.90, then 1 cen 
from the price (60 cents) should be taken, making 51 
cents as the settlement price, and so on down to th, 
present quotation of $3.75, when 5 cents from 60 leave 
55 cents per unit. Therefore, ore carrying 50 per cent 
lead, would amount of 5<>+55=$27.5o per ton. 

THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON VARIOUS 
SUBSTANCES. 

Degrees. 


Antimony melts at . 951 

Bismuth melts at . 476 

Brass melts at . 1,900 

Copper melts at . 2^548 

Glass melts at . 2377 

Gold melts at . 2400 

Castiron melts at . 3,479 

Lead melts at . ’^ 

Platinum melts at . 3,080 

Silver melts at . 1,850 

Steel melts at . 2,500 

Tin melts at . ’421 

Zinc melts at. 740 

Ice melts at . 

Naphtha melts at. jg6 

Mercury boils at . 662 

Fresh water boils at . 212 

Sea Water boils at . 213^2 

Ether boils at . too 


Oil Turpentine boils at . 304 

Linseed Oil boils at . 640 

Sweet Oil boils at . 4 I2 

HARDNESS OF MINERALS. 

This is expressed in the following scales of 10 
degrees: 

r Diamond ..10 

2 Corundum . 9 

3 Topaz . 8 

n j. aic.1 

RULES FOR COMPUTING INTEREST. 
When the principal contains cents, point off four 
places from the right. When the principal contains 
dollars, only point off two places. 


4 

Quartz .. 

• • 7 

7 

Fluorspar...4 

5 

Feldspar . 

. 6 

8 

Calcite .... 3 

6 

Apatile .. 

• • 5 

9 

Gypsum ... 2 



























COMPENDIUM 


53 


4 per cent., multiply the principal by the number of 

days to run and divide by go. 

5 per cent., multiply by number of days, and divide 

by 72. 

6 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 

by 60. 

7 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 

by 52. 

8 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 

by 45- 

9 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 

by 40. 

i 10 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 36. 

12 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 30. 

15 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 24. 

i 18 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 2(. 

| 20 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 18. 

I 24 per cent., multiply by number of days and divide 
by 15 - 

By H. SMITH , 1874- 

Cubic Feet. 

1 One miner’s inch discharge in 1 second . 0.2624 

One miner’s inch discharge in 1 minute. 1-5744 

One miner’s inch discharge in 1 hour .94.4640 

I One miner’s inch discharge in 24 hours .2267.1360 

| Ratio of actual to theoretical discharge .61.60% 

| % A. J. BOWIE, 1876. 

One miner’s inch discharge in 1 second . 0.2409 

One miner’s inch discharge in iminute . T -4994 

One miner’s inch discharge in 1 hour .89.9640 

One miner’s inch discharge in 24 hours .2159.1460 

Ratio of actual to theoretical discharge .59.05% 

TANK MEASURE. 

To find the number of cubic feet of a round^tank 
20x20 in diameter and 5 f ee t deep; 20+20—400+5^2,000 
+0.7854 decimal, we have 1,570.8000 cubic feet. At 
20 cubic feet of sand per ton, such a vat filled contains 
78.5 tons, or 11.761 gallons of water. 













54 


BENSON’S 


APPROXIMATE SIZE OF OCEANS. 


Name. 

Pacific . 

Atlantic . 

Square miles. 

Indian . 


South . 

Arctic. 



PIPE—AREAS OF CIRCLES. 


Di’m Area 


v& 


V 2 

Va 

P/s 

P/a' 

p/2 

■IVa 


2 /a 

2 1 / 

23/4 


sq. in. | 


3 | 7* 
3341 8. 
3/2 1 9 
344 !h. 

4 I12. 
4 ^|i 5 - 

5 119- 

5P2I23. 

6 I28. 
6/4133 • 

7 138. 


. 0I2j] 

.O49 

.IIO 

.I96 

•441 

.785 

•994 

.227 

767 

405 

141 

976 

908 

939 


Di’m Area 


in. I sq. in. 


7 1 / 1 44 - 


8 

8 K 

9 

9/4 

10 

IO /2 


IP/ 


12 ^ 

13 

I3H 

14 


50 

56 

63 

70 

78 

86 

95 

103 

|ii 3 - 


20 
20H 

21 

21^4 

22 
22^4 
23 
2354 

'24 


sq. in. 


314-16 

330.06 

346.36 

363.05 

380.13 

397 . 6 o 

415.47 

433-73 

452.39 


Di’m Area 


Di’m A 


[sq. in. 


32>4 

33 

33 l A 

34 
34/2 

35 


829.5 

855.3 

881.4 

907.9 

934-8 

962.1 


36 

36/2 


24HI471.43M37 


25 

25 H 

26 

26 H 


490.8 \\37V2 
510.7 II38 

530.9 II 38 J 4 
551.5 1139 


3534 989.8 


1017.8 

1046.3 
1075.2 

1104.4 
U 34 -I, 
1164.11 
1194.6! 


06 1114/41165.131127 I572.5 H39HI1225.4II 


29 I 

62 I 
04 | 
56 ! 
90 f! 

63 


15 

15*4 

16 

1654 

17 

17*4 


>•7 1 . 
»- 691 
[.o6| 
I.82I 


2 7 / 41593-9 II40 I1256.6I 


176 

188. 

201. 

213. 

226. 

240 

75 1118 254. 

27 | |i 8 J 4 268 

18 11 19 I283.^ 

48 H1934[298.64!132 1804 . 2 [144^411555 • 2 


45 

45/4 

46 
46/4 

47 
4734 

48 
48/2 

49 

149/4 

50 
50^4 

51 

51^4 

52 


sq. 


IC 


I( 


28 (615.7 
28/1637.9 
- —. 29 (660.5 
98I12934)683.4 
■52U30 1706.8 

46! i 3 °/ 4 ! 73 °.6 
80JJ31 1754-7 
531131 ^ 1779 .3 


! 4 oH 11288.2! 
I41 11320.2! 
[ 41 / 41 1352.6) 

[42 !1385.4! 
(425411418.61 
I 43 !i 452 . 2 i 

«433411486.11 
!44 1 1520.5! 


2 ( 

2 ( 

208 

1212 


52 1 A\2l6. 

53 !220 

53^4(224; 

54 1 229 
54341233 : 

55 i 237 . 
5534 | 24 i( 

56 [ 246 ; 
56341250; 

57 ! 2551 













































COMPENDIUM 


05 


Pipe Thickness of the Different Sizes of Sheetiron, From 
No. 4 up to No. 30. 


No. 


Decimal Inches. No. 


Decimal Inches. 


4 

has 

a thickness 

of 

.250 

18 

“ 


ii 

.055 

5 




.200 

19 


a 

ii 

.052 

6 



it 

.165 

20 

“ 

a it 

a 

.050 

7 



“ 

.142 

21 

a 

a 

a 

.047 

8 


te 


.133 

22 

i{ 

a 

a 

.045 

9 




.111 

23 

u 

a 

a 

.044 

10 

ii 


it 

.100 

24 

a 

a 

a 

.041 

11 




.090 

25 

u 

“ 

a 

.040 

12 


“ 

a 

.083 

26 



a 

.038 

13 


a 

a 

.076 

27 


a 

u 

•037 

T 4 



“ 

.071 

28 

a 


a 

.035 

15 




.006 

29 

a 

u 

a 

•034 

16 




.062 

30 

“ 

ii 

a 

•033 


WATER—ORDINARY DIMENSIONS OF IRON 
FEED PIPES. 


Diameter j 

of pipe. | 

Pressure. 

No. of| 

iron | 

Thickness 
of iron. 

Inches. | 

Feet. 

| 


22 

150 

16 | 

0.060 

22 

150 to 250 

14 1 

0.078 

22 

250 to 310 

12 1 

0.098 

30 

150 

14 1 

0.078 

30 

150 to 275 

12 

0.098 

40 

160 

12 

0.236 


1 

>s 

K 

X The iron used varies generally from No. 16 to ij, 
^according to the pressure. The best iron only being 
■employed. The size of the pipe will depend upon the 
Jsupply of water; with 1,500-2,000 inches of water, a 
22-inch pipe will suffice. Where the supply is 3,000 
inches, a 30-inch pipe must be used, and so on. 

No. 14 iron will resist a pressure of 300 feet head, 
or 130 pounds to the square inch, and an n-inch pipe 
of No. 10 iron, a pressure of 500 feet, or 217 pounds, 
to the inch. No. 14 iron is 0.083-inch thick and weighs 
3-35 pounds to the squart foot. No. 16 is 0.065-inch 
thick and weights 2.63 pounds to the foot. 

Persons having no practical experience generally 
make their pipes unnecessarily heavy. (Rep. State 
Mineralogist, California). 

WATER—MEASURING STREAMS. 

Select a portion of the water course where the 















56 


BEN SON’S 


direction of the running water is as straight as possible, 
measure some convenient distance along the stream, 
say ioo feet. At the extremities of this length and at 
right angles across the stream, fix two straight cordsii 
then get a few floats of hard wood, or well corked 
bottles (they should be so weighty that when placed in 
the water they would not project over it as to be mate¬ 
rially affected by the wind). After having these prepa¬ 
rations made, the floats are dropped lightly into the 
current, at a little distance above the upper cord, then 
note the time, by watch, that the floats take to pass 
over the distance between the two cords. This experi¬ 
ment should be repeated several times with floats, both 
in the middle and near the sides of the stream j the 
arithemetic mean is then taken for the surface velocity i 
of each experiment. Having by these means found the 
several spaces run over in a given time, the mean pro¬ 
portion of all these trials are taken for the surface] 
velocity of the water. 

Measure its depth at regular intervals between the j 
cords, and divide the sum by the number of sound¬ 
ings; an average depth is thus gained. Multiply the 
area by the velocity and the product will be the 'ffow. j 

Example —A stream is 24 feet broad and 10 sound¬ 
ings at every 2 feet on a line from bank to bank, give 
2, 6, 8, 9, 7, 11, 11, 10, 9 and 2 inches as the depths; i 
the average velocity as determined by float is 4 feet per 
second. What is the flow? 

Answer —The sum of the 10 soundings is 75 inches, 
which gives an average depth of 7.5 inches, equal to 1 
.625 demimal part of a foot. The area of the section 
then is 24 feet, multiplied by .625, equals 15 square feet; 
the velocity being 4 feet per second, the flow is equal 
to 15 multiplied by 4, equals 60 feet per second. A 
further explanation : To find the decimal in feet, divide 
the 7.5 inches, which is the average depth, by 12 inches 
and we have .625 decimal part of a foot, multiply the 
.625 decimal, by 24, gives 15 square feet; multiply the 
15 square feet by the velocity, 4, which makes the flow 
60 feet per second, or, 40 miner’s inches per second. 

One miner’s inch will discharge in 15 seconds, 3 
gallons or 12 gallon in 1 minute. 

Two and one-half miner’s inches is required for 10 
stamps, 100 drops per minute. This equals 3 gallons 
per stamp per minute. 

One miner’s inch will discharge in 15 seconds, 3 
gallons or 12 gallons per minute or 720 gallons per hour, 
or 90 cubic feet per hour. 



COMPENDIUM 


57 


USEFUL INFORMATION. 

A gallon of water (U. S.) standard, contains 231 
cubic inches and weighs 8 1-8 pounds. 

A cubic foot of water contains 7^2 gallons; 1,728 
cubic inches and weighs 62^ pounds. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch 
of a column of water, multiply the height of the column 
in feet by .434. 

A standard horse-power means: The evaporation 
of 30 pounds of water per hour from a feed water 
temperature of 100 degrees F., into steam at 70 pounds 
gauge pressure. 

To find the capacity of any size tanks, given dimen¬ 
sion of a cyclinder in inches; to find its capacity in 
U. S. gallons, square the diameter, multiply by the length 
.and by .0034. 

To ascertain heating surface in tubular boilers, 
multiply two-thirds the circumference of boiler by the 
length of boiler in inches, and add to it the area of all 
the tubes. 

To ascertain safe working pressure for tubular 
boiler; one-sixth of tensile strength of plate, multiplied 
by thickness of plate and divide by one-half the diameter 
of boiler. 

To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter 
by 31416. 

To find area of a circle, multiply square of 

diameter by .7854. 

To find diameter of circle, multiply circumference 

by .31831. 

To find surface of a ball, multiply square of 

diameter by 3.1416. 

To find side of an equal square, multiply diameter 
by .8862. ♦ 

To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of 
diameter by .5236. 

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its ca¬ 
pacity four times. 


58 


BENSON’S 




BLUE VITRIOL—BLUE STONE. 

Sulphate of copper or cupric sulphate, the beauti¬ 
ful prismatic crystals, known as blue vitriol, blue stone, 
blue copperas or sulphate of copper. 

Ferreous sulphate, copperas, green vitriol, or sul¬ 
phate of iron, is easily obtained by heating one part 
of iron wire with one and one-half part of strong 
sulphuric acid, mixed with four times its weight of wa¬ 
ter until the whole of the metal is dissolved, when the 
solution is allowed to crystallize. It is manufactured on 
a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites, it 
forms fine green rhomboidal crystals, having the com¬ 
position FeSO* H2O. 6Aq. 

It dissolves very easily in twice its weight of cold 
water yielding a pale green solution. One part of 
boiling water dissolves about two and one-half parts 
of the crystals. When the commercial sulphate of iron 
is boiled with water it yields a brown muddy solu¬ 
tion, in consequence of the decomposition of the ferric • 
sulphate contained in it. With precipitation of a basic 
sulphate, ferreous sulphate has a great tendency to 
absorb oxygen, and to become converted into ferric 
sulphate. This disposition to absorb oxygen renders 
the ferreous sulphate useful as a reducing agent; thus 
it is employed for precipitating gold in the metallic 
state from its solutions. But its chief use is for the 
manufacture of ink and black dyes, by its action upon 
vegetable infusions, containing tannic acid, such as that 
of nut-galls. 

Ferreous sulphate, FeS, is formed when a red-hot 
bar of iron is rubbed with a stick of sulphur. The 
fused FeS running off in globules. 

COPPERAS. 

Copperas, one pound placed in an earthen jar, which 
jar used as a urinal, the ingredient applied with a swab to 
the hair just above and all around the shell and frog 
of the front feet of a horse that dry hard shell will 
grow faster and become more natural (as the colt’s). 


COMPENDIUM 


59 


GOLD VALUES. 


One ounce Troy pure gold worth 


.$20,671 

One pound Troy pure gold 

is worth 


.... 248.05 

One Pennyweight (dwt) i 

is worth 


... 1.03 1-3 

One Grain is worth . 



-0.04 1-3 

One ounce Avoirdupois is 

worth . 


.... 18.84 

One pound Avoirdupois is 

worth .. 


...30145 

One ton (2,000 pounds) ... 



.. 602,900.00 

WEIGHTS OF METALS. 

Per 
Cu. Ft. 

Spec. 

Gravity. 

Aluminum. 


...166 

2.67 

Antimony . 



6.72 

Bismuth . 


.. 613 

9.822 

Brass. 


... 524 

8.40 

Bronze . 


••'534 

8.561 

Copper . 


•• 537 

8.607 

Gold Pure 24 carats .. 


..1208 

19.361 

Gold Standard . 


..1106 

17.724 

Iron Cast . 


• • 450 

7.21 

Iron Wrought . 


.. 485 

7.78 

Lead Cast . 


. . 708 

11.36 

Mercury . 


. . 849 

I 3.596 

Platinum . 


••1344 

21.531 

Silver Pure . 


• • 654 

10.474 

Silver Standard . 


.. 644 

10.312 

Steel . 


. . 490 

7.85 

Tin Cast . 


• • 455 

7.29 

Zinc . 


•• 437 

7.00 


MISCELLANEOUS WEIGHTS. 

480 grain in 1 oz. troy. 

4 yj x / 2 grains in 1 oz. Avoirdupois. 

5,760 grains in 1 pound Troy. 

7,000 grains in 1 pound Avoirdupois. 
r 4-583+ oz. troy in 1 pound Avoirdupois. 

00.91145+ oz. troy in 1 oz. Avoirdupois. 

1.215+ pounds troy in 1 pound Avoirdupois. 

1 oz. of pure silver contains 480 grains. 

1 U. S. dollar contains 371.25 grains. 

1 U. S. dollar weighs 412.50 grains. 

Composed of 90 per cent silver and 10 per cent alloy. 


























6o 


BENSON’S 


COINS OF UNITED STATES BY 

ACT OF CON- 

GRESS, 1873. 



GOLD 

COINS. 





Grains 

Fineness. 

Dollar, unit of value . ... 


.. 25.8 

900 

Quarter eagle . 

$2.50 

64-5 

900 

Half Eagle . 

5.00 

129.0 

900 

Eagle . 

10.00 

258.0 

900 

Double Eagle . 

. 20 

516.0 

900 

SILVER COINS. 





Grains. 

Fineness. 

Dollar . 


.412.50 

900 

Half Dollar. 


. 192.00 

900 

Quarter Dollar . 


. 9d.oo 

900 

Dime . 


38.40 

900 

WEIGHT 

OF ORES. 


One cubic foot of water 62 1 /a lbs. 




Wt. of 

Spec. 

Cu. Ft. 


Cu. Ft. 

Gravity. 

in Ton. 

Quartz . 

.id2 

2.d5 

12.34 

Silver Glance. 

. 455 

7.25 

4-39 

Ruby Silver . 

.3d2 

5.80 

5.52 

Light Ruby Silver . 

. 336 

5.50 

5-05 

Stephanite B. S. 

.386 

b.27 

5 .i 8 

Horn Silver Chloride .... 

. 345 

5 ■ 55 

5.80 

Stibnite Antimony Glance 

.287 

4-50 

6-99 

Cinnabar . 

. 542 

9.00 

3-64 

Copper Pyrites . 


4.20 

763 

Grey Copper . 

.380 

5.00 

7.14 

Galena . 

.461 

7.50 

4-34 

Sphalerite (Blende) .... 

.240 

4.00 

8.03 

Iron Pyrites . 

.312 

5.00 

d.41 

Lime Stone . 

. 174 

2.do 

. n.50 

Clay . 

.id2 

2.50 

12.34 

Hornblende . 

. 193 

310 

10.3d 


LAND MEASUREMENTS. 
i rod^i 6 x / 2 feet, 
i mile—320 rods. 

1 chain^dd feet. 

1 mile=8o chains. 

1 mile=5.28o feet. 

1 acre—43,5do square feet, or 209 feet square within 
an inch. 

1 mile square=d40 acres. 

10 acres=ddo feet square. 



























COMPENDIUM 


61 


TABLE, SURVEYING MEASURES. 


Circle, diameter .X3.i4i6=circumference. 

” .x .8862=side of equal square. 

.x .707i=side of inscribed square. 

Circle area=diameter 2 ... x .7854. 

Circle circumference ...x .3i83i=diameter. 

Circular inches.x 183,346=1 square foot. 

Sphere, diameter 8 .x .5236=solidity. 

diameter .x . 8o6=dimensions of equal cube. 

.x.6667=length of equal cylinder. 

Cylindrical inches.x .ooo4546=cub. ft. 

x .oo2832=gal. 

2200=1 cub. ft. 
feet .x .02g09=cub. yd. 

Square side.xi.i28=diameter of an equal circle. 

root of acre.xi.i2837=diameter of an equal circle. 

” inches .x .oo695=sq. ft. 

feet .x ,oooo229=acres. 

” yards .x .ooo2o66=acres. 

Cubic inches.x.ooo58=cub. ft. 

” feet .x .03704 : =cub. yd. 

x-6232=gal. 


Lineal feet .xi.51515—links. 

x .oooi9=miles. 


yards- . 

. x 4 . 54545 =links. 

yy yy 

x .000568—miles. 

links . 

.x . 66=ft. 

yy yy 

x . 22=yd. 

” chains . 

.x .oi25=miles. 

” miles . 

.x 5,28o=ft. 

»» » 

x i,76o=yd. 


x 8o=chains. 

Acres . 


x 4.840— sq. yd. 


Area of circle=diameter 2 X.78S4. 

Area of parallelogram=base x height. 

Area of trapezium: divide into two triangles and find 
area of each. 

Area of trapezoid=height xj 4 the sum of the parallel 
sides. 




























62 


BENSON’S 


Area triangle—base x y 2 height. 

Latitude (northing or southing)—course of angle of 
bearing x distance. 

Departure (easting or westing) =sin. of angle of 
bearing x distance. 

Level difference of —sin. of angle of inclination x 
hypothenuse. 

Horizontal measurements—course of angle of in¬ 
clination x hypothenuse. 

Inclination rate of (ratio of base to perpendicular) 
cotan. of angle of inclination. 

Slope rate of (ratio of hypothenuese to perpendi- 
cular)=cosec. of angle of inclination. 

CONCRETE MIXTURE. 

For reinforced engine beds subject to vibration: 

4 bags packed Portland cement=i barrel. 

7.6 cubic feet coarse, loose sand—2 barrels. 

15H cubic feet loose gravel or broken stone= 4 bis. 

FOR ORDINARY MACHINES. 

4 bags packed portland cement, or 1 barrel. 

9 T A cubic feet coarse loose sand or 2^2 barrels. 

19 cubic feet loose gravel or broken stone, or 5 
barrels. 

FOR HEAVY WALLS, RETAINING WALLS 
PIERS AND ABUTMENTS. 

4 bags packed portland cement are 1 barrel. 

11.4 cubic feet coarse clean loose sand are 3 barrels. 

22.8 cubic feet loose gravel or broken stone are 6 
barrels. 


FOR UNIMPORTANT WORK. 

4 bags packed portland cement are 1 barrel. 

15.2 cubic feet coarse loose sand are 4 barrels. 

30.4 cubic feet loose gravel or broken stone are 8 
barrels. 

The above specifications are based upon fair aver¬ 
age practice; if the aggregate is carefully guarded and 
the proportions are scientifically fixed. Smaller pro¬ 
portions of cement may be used for each class of work. 

Mix on a tight floor, the sand should be first spread 
eavenly over the floor, on the top of which spread the ce¬ 
ment, turn it over with shovels at least three times to 
thoroughly mix, and lastly the gravel or broken stone, 


COMPENDIUM 


63 


the stone should be thoroughly wet. Have two to four men 
with shovels to turn it over as the water is sprinkled 
on the top. It must be turned over three times or 
more and worked into a pasty mass but flexible. 

The sand should be clean, coarse and free from clay 
and loam, both retard the setting of cement and destroy 
adhesive quality. There are- three simple ways of 
testing whether sand is clean or not: 

First—Rub some between the hands and if the in¬ 
side of the hands are badly discolored do not use it. 

Second drop a handful into a pail of clear water, if 
the water is clear enough to see the sand at the bottom 
in two minutes it is clean. 

Third—Fill a bottle, fruit jar or glass one-fourth 
full of sand and add clear water until bottle, jar or 
glass is three-quarters full, shake well and if a layer of 
mud settles over the sand do not use it. 

If the clay or loam is removed by washing the sand 
the sand may be used. 

Avoid soft sandstone, soft limestone, soft freestones, 
slate and shale. 

Granite, trap, slag, hard limestone or gravel are 
best; all must be free from any coating of clay or loam 
which will prevent the cement from adhering to them. 

All dust should be screened out. 

Cellar floors may be laid without foundation, the 
dirt should be evened off and tamped hard and the 
mix should be: 

One part cement, two and one-half clean coarse 
sand and five parts broken stone or gravel mixed to¬ 
gether and spread over the surface three to four inches 
thick and lightly tamped to bring the water to the sur¬ 
face and screeded with a straight edge resting upon 
scantling about 12 feet apart. The scantlings are then 
withdrawn and their places filled with concrete. The 
surface should be troweled as soon as it has began to 
stiffen. 

What is meant by reinforced concrete is the use 
of iron rods, or bolts or old wire rope so arranged in 
the body of the concrete that they will add to its effi¬ 
ciency in strength. 

TO PREPARE MERCURY FOR AMALGA¬ 
MATING. 

To prepare mercury (quicksilver) for amalgama¬ 
tion: To 3 lbs. of mercury add 2 oz. of sulphuric acid, or 
such amount as will make the mercury boil freely; 
stir well with wood paddle, add a teaspoonful of nitric 


64 


BENSON’S 


acid and again stir well. (The same proportion can 
be used to any amount). Have the head of a nail bright; 
dip head into the mercury if it amalgamates; then dip 
the point of the nail in the mercury if it amalgamates 
add mercury until the point of the nail will not amalga¬ 
mate; if it has not been brightened the mercury will 
not adhere to iron inside the battery, if mercury 
is being used in battery. 

AMALGAM REMOVED FROM PLATES WITH¬ 
OUT INJURY TO PLATES. 

Amalgam may be allowed to accumulate from 1-16 
to Yz inch in depth on a plate and be removed without 
the use of chisel or old table knife: Fold a blanket 
twice (it then has four layers), then spread it smoothly 
over that part of the amalgamated plate from which 
you are desirous to have the hard amalgam removed. 
After the blanket is in order pour boiling water evenly 
on to the blanket, let it lay three or four minutes then 
remove the blanket and remove all the softened amal¬ 
gam with a rubber block. Repeat the operation until 
all amalgam is removed; and the silver plate is left in 
perfect condition. 

It is best not to clean it down to the silver as the 
saving is increased when there is a coat of amalgam 
on the silver, until a general clean-up is made, then 
all may be removed. 

GOLD FINENESS PER OUNCE. 

To find the value of gold per ounce by first finding 
the finesse: Multiply weight of gold by the finesse 
which gives fine ounces; divide product by 9, which 
gives standard ounces. Multiply product by 800 and 
divide by 43 which gives gold value. 

Example 20 oz. by fineness say 774 gives 15480; di¬ 
vide this by 9; we have 17.20 standard ounce; multiply 
this by 800. We have 1376.000 divide this by 43, this 
gives us $320; divide this by gross 20 oz. and we have 
gold worth $16.00 per oz. 

CAPACITY OF ROUND TANKS. 

For each ten inches in depth: 

Twenty-five feet in diameter holds 3.059 gallons. 

Twenty feet in diameter holds 1.958 gallons. 

Fifteen feet in diameter holds 1,101 gallons. 

Fourteen feet in diameter holds 959 gallons. 

Thirteen feet in diameter holds 827 gallons. 

Twelve feet in diameter holds 705 gallons. 

Eleven feet in diameter holds 592 gallons. 


COMPENDIUM 


65 


Ten feet in diameter holds 489 gallons. 

Nine feet in diameter holds 396 gallons. 

Eight feet in diameter holds 313 gallons. 

Seven feet in diameter holds 239 gallons. 

Six feet and six inches in diameter hold 206 gallons. 

Six feet in diameter holds 176. 

Five feet in diameter holds 122 gallons. 

Four feet six inches in diameter holds 99 gallons. 

Four feet in diameter holds 78 gallons. 

Three feet in diameter holds 44 gallons. 

Two feet and six inches in diameter holds 30 gallons. 

Two feet in diameter holds 19 gallons. 

ANTIMONY. 

Antimonite, lead gray, hardness 2 Sp. gr. 4 y 2 
SB2 S3, 71 per cent. Sb. 

Antimony (native) tin white,, hardness 3 to 3 54 
gav., 6.6-6.7 Sb. often carries gold and silver. 

Berthierite, gray, hardness, 3 Sp. gr. 3*4 to 4, 
57 per cent Sb. 

Jamesonite, gray, hardness 2 to 3 Sp. gav. 5 ]/ 2 to 
5.8, 31 per cent. Sb. 

Kermesite, red, hardness, 1-1.5 Sp. 4-5, 75 per cent. 
Sb. 

Senarmontite, gray, brown, yellow, hardness 2.5-4 
Sp. 2.5, carries gold, silver and nickel, 83 per cent. Sb. 

Valentinite, white, yellow ( gray, red, brown, hard¬ 
ness, 2.5-3 Sp. gr. 5.6, 83 per cent. Sb. 

Antimonite is the chief source of the metal; ker¬ 
mesite and senarmontite also contribute materially. 
Smelters give nothing for precious metal contents. 

ALLOYS. 

BISMUTH is remarkable for its tendency to 
lower the fusing point of alloys, which can not be ac¬ 
counted for merely by referring to the low fusing point 
of the metal itself. Thus, an alloy of two parts bis¬ 
muth, one part lead, one part tin, fuses below the tem¬ 
perature of boiling water. (Water boils at 212 de¬ 
grees Fr.) Although the most fusible of the three 
metals, tin requires a temperature of 421 degree Fr., 
bismuth, 476 degrees Fr.; lead, 594 degrees Fr. 

PEWTER consists of four parts of tin, one part 
of lead (for tinware) ; is an alloy of tin and lead in 
various porportions, sometimes containing two parts 
of tin to one of lead (fine solder), sometimes equal 
weights of the two metals; sometimes two parts of lead 
to one of tin (course solder). In applying solder it is 
essential that the surfaces to be united be quite free 


66 


BENSON'S 


from oxide, which would prevent adhesion of the solder. 
This is insured by the application of sal-ammoniac or 
of hydrochloric acid or, sometimes of powdered borax 
remarkable for its ready fusibility and its solvent power 
for the metallic oxides. 

GOLD—Heat four ounces of lead to 800 degrees 
Fr., sand-bath a $20-gold piece in warm sand, then 
hang it on a platinum wire and ease down into the lead, 
then draw the wire up, there will be no gold on it. 
It requires about 2,400 degrees Fr, to melt the gold, 
(alone). 

GOLD. 

ELECTRUM—White-yellow, hardness . 2,^-3 Sp. 
Grv. 15.5, AuA native alloy 64 per cent. Au. 

GOLD—(Native)—Yellow, hardness, 2^-3 Sp. gr. 
15.6 to 19.5 Au. traces of silver, copper, lead, iron, anti¬ 
mony, arsenic, bismuth, etc. 

MALDONITE—Pinkish-white, hardness 2.5-3, grv. 
16-19.5 Au.+Sb, native alloy; 6 per cent. Au. 

PORPEZITE—Pale 2-1 3 Sp. gr. 16-19^, Au. Pb. 
native alloy 64 per cent. A. U. 

The richly auriferous ores, such as the tellurides, 
are very valuable but exceedingly refractory in treat¬ 
ment. The bulk of the metal is obtained (in the “free” 
state) from quartz (chiefly) and other vein matters, 
or the gravels and sands produced by their attrition or 
is extracted (as an accessory) by solution or smelting 
from the various sulphides of the common metals. Nota¬ 
bly mispickel, pyrites, chalcopyrites and galena, the 
world’s gold output is about 15,000,000 ounces (South 
Africa, Australia, United States) about 4.000,000 ounces 
each; Russia 1, Canada 14 , Mexico 24 , Guiana, India, 
China J 4 > each. 

DUCTILITY OF GOLD. 

The physical characters of gold render it very con¬ 
spicuous among the metals. It is the heaviest of the 
metals in common use with the exception of platinum, 
its specific gravity being 19.5 degrees. In malleability 
and ductility it surpasses all other metals. The former 
property is turned to advantage for the manufacture 
of gold-leaf, for which purpose a bar of gold, contain¬ 
ing 96.25 per cent, of gold, 2.5 per cent, of silver, and 
1.25 per cent of copper, is passed between rollers which 
extend it into the form of a riband; this is cut up 
into squares, which are packed between layers of fine 
vellum and beaten with a heavy hammer; these thinner 
squares are then again cut and beaten between layers 


COMPENDIUM 


67 


of gold-beater’s »skin, until they are sufficiently thin. 
An ounce of gold may thus be spread over 100 square 
feet; 282,000 of such leaves placed upon each other 
form a pile of only one inch high. These leaves will 
allow light to pass through them and always appear 
green or blue when held up to the light, though they 
•exhibit the ordinary color of gold by reflected light. 


THREADS OF GOLD. 

The extreme ductility of gold is exemplified in the 
manufacture of gold thread for embroidery, in which 
a cylinder of silver, having been covered with gold-leaf, 
it is drawn through a wire-drawing plate and reduced 
to the thinness of a hair. In this way six ounces of 
gold are drawn into a cylinder 200 miles in length. 

BULK OF THE WORLD’S COIN SUPPLY. 

If all the silver in the world, coined as money, were 
melted into a solid cube it could be contained in a 
room 66 feet square and 66 feet high, with room to 
spare. If all the gold coin in the world were similarly 
treated, a room 22 feet square and 22 feet high would 
hold it without being wholly filled. The best authori¬ 
ties estimate the total sum of silver money in the world 
at $3,750,000,000, and the total value of gold money in 
the world at $4,000,000,000. 

What gives gold its commercial value? The Bank 
of England, under the Act of July 19, 1844, sec. 4), 
issues its notes in payment for all gold offered, at the 
rate of £3 17s ioj^d per ounce (standard, or 11-12 
fine, or 440 fine grains), equal to $20,671, for one 
ounce of fine gold of 480 grains. The United States 
mints also issue gold coin for all gold deposited at the 
same rate. 

The Bank of England suspended specie payment 
February 27, 1797, and resumed May 1, 1823, having 
made four years’ preparation. 

WHERE OUR GOLD GOES TO. 

In the aggregate the United States, the states, 
counties, municipalities, railroads and other corporations 
owe to foreign bondholders nearly $3,000,000,000, pay¬ 
able in gold, about 75 per cent, of which is held in 
Great Britain. The interest on that vast sum is $150,- 
000,000, which amount is paid yearly in gold and sent 
from this country, a drain that no other country could 
stand. 


68 


BENSON’S 


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COMPENDIUM 


69 


WONDERS OF SCIENCE. 

A grain of gold has been found by Muncke to 
admit of being divided into ninety-five millions of 
visible parts. That is, by the aid of a microscope 
magnifying one thousand times. 


OXIDES OF IRON AND MANGANESE. 

May be recognized by its deep-black color. 

Galena (lead sulphide) is much richer in silver 
than carbonate or coruoscate-cerussite galena, coarse 
and fine. 

Argentite silver glance is of a blackish lead-gray 
color, easily cut with a knife. Composition sulphur 12.9 
silver 87.1. 

Stephanite or brittle or black silver closely allied 
to argentite. Composition sulphur antimony and silver, 
silver 68.5. 

Polybasite, it is not unlike fine grained galena 
yielding 150 to 400 ounces of silver per ton. 

Chloride of silver (“Horn Silver”), it is a green¬ 
ish or yellowish mineral like wax and easily cut wth 
a knife; it is a very rich ore running 75.5 per cent 
silver, the remainder being chlorine. 

Ruby silver (pyragyrite and pronstite) ; sulphur 
.17.7, antimony 22.5, silver 59.8. 

Copper carbonate can never be mistaken owing to 
its brilliant green and azure blue color. 

Cerussite (carbonate of lead) mostly found in the 
limestone districts such as Leadville; two kinds, hard 
and soft. 

Zinc-Blende sphalerite “black,” it is a very refrac¬ 
tory mineral. 

Pyrites of iron and copper common in most of our 
quartz veins, in granite and in the eruptive rocks, may 
yield both gold and silver, usually the former, as at 
Central City district. 


TELLURIUM TABLE. 


BENSON’S 


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contents, which they yield with difficulty. Their occurrence is wider than is commonly supposed. 


























COMPENDIUM 


7 1 


CHEMICAL SYMBOLS. 


Al. Aluminum. 

A g. Silver. 

As. Arsenic. 

Au. Gold. 

Ba. Barium. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Br. Bromine. 

Ca. Calcium. 

Ca. Lime. 

C. Carbon. 

C. Carbonic Acid. 

Cl. Chlorine. 

HCL. 'Hydrochloric Acid. 
Cr. Cronium. 

Co. Cobalt. 

Cu. Copper. 

Fe. Iron. 

F. Fluorine. 

Hf. Hydrofluoric Acid. 
Hg. Mercury. 

H. Hydrogen. 

H. Water. 

K. Potassium. 

Li. lithium. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

Mg. Magnesia. 

Mn. Manganese. 

Na. Sodium. 

Na. Soda. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N. Nitrogen. 

Ni. Nitric Acid. 

O. Oxygen. 

Os. Osmium. 

P. Phosphorus. 

Pt. Platinum. 

Pb. Lead. 

Pb. Oxide of Lead. 

SO2 Silica. 

Sn. Tin. 

S. Sulphur. 

Te. Tellurium. 

L T . Uranium. 

V. Vanadium. 

W. Tungsten. 

Zn. Zinc. 


72 


COMPENDIUM 


MOLYBDENUM. 

MOLYBDENUM derives its name from lead, .on 
account of the resemblance of its chief ore molybdenite, 
to black lead, and is found chiefly in Bohemia and 
Sweden; it may be recognized by its remarkable sim¬ 
ilarity to plumbago and by its giving a blue solution 
when boiled with strong sulphuric acid. Affords a blue 
pigment used in ceremic pottery ware. Latterly it is 
in demand for steel alloys up to 4 per cent, and ores 
carrying 50 per cent. Mo. are worth about $200 per 
ton, while 95 per cent, metal brings $2,500 per ton or 
5s per pound. 


NITRE OR SALTPETER. 

Is found in some parts of India, especially in Ben¬ 
gal, Oude and Chili. It comes almost exclusively 
from Chili (about i,ooo,oco tons yearly) and is worth 
approximately, 9L or $45 per ton. I have been informed 
that there are large beds of it in Nevada. It appears 
as a white incrustation on the surface of the soil and 
is sometimes mixed with the soil to some depth. The 
nitre is extracted from the earth by treating it with 
water and the solution is evaporated at first by the 
heat of the sun, and afterward by artificial heat, when 
the impure crystals are obtained, which are packed in 
bags and shipped to this country as grough, or im¬ 
pure, saltpeter; $45,000,000 seems a vast sum to be 
drained from this country yearly for the one product. 
Nitre, the fused salt, attacks all oxidisable bodies and 
the potassium oxide attacks siliceous bodies, so that 
it is difficult to find a vessel capable of resisting it at 
high temperature; platinum gives way, but gold is 
less corroded, the six-sided crystals will fuse at 700 
degrees Fr. 

Nitre is soluble in four times its weight of cold 
water, and in one-third of its weight of hot water; it 
is insoluble in alcohol. 

There are five metals which have so powerful an 
attraction for oxygen that it is necessary to preserve 
them in bottles, filled with some liquid free from that 
element, such as petroleum (composed of carbon and 
hydrogen) to prevent them from combining with the 
oxygen of the atmosphere. These metals are capable 
of decomposing water with great facility. Metals 
which decompose water at the ordinary temperature— 
potassium, sodium, barium, strontium and calcium. 


COMPENDIUM 


73 


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74 


BENSON’S 


TUNGSTEN. 


TUNGSTEN: 

Scheelite—Yellow, brown, green, red, Sp. Gr. 5.9- 
6.1, 64 per cent. W. 

Tungstite—Yellow, green, soft, Sp. Gr. 5.9-6.1, 
earthy, tungstic ochre, 80 per cent. W. 

Wolfram—Gray, black, Sp. Gr. 7.1-7.9, 51 per cent. 
W. 

Mainly found as scheelite and wolfram (often with 
tin). Used in steel alloys as a mordant, and for fire¬ 
proofing textiles: Boulder county, Colorado, is noted 
for its production. The metal is even heavier than tin¬ 
stone Sp. Gr. 7.1-7.9, from which circumstance the metal 
derives its name, Tungsten—in Sweden meaning heavy 
stone. The symbol (W), used for tungstates, is derived 
from the Latin name Wolframium. 

URANIUM. 

URANIUM. 

Autunite—Yellow, yellowish, Sp. Gr. 3-3.2, 68 per 
cent. U. 

Chalcolite—Green, Sp. Gr. 34-3.6, 67 per cent. U. 

Pitchblend—Black, gray, brown, Sp. Gr. 4.8-8, 80 
per cent. U. 

Uraconite—Yellow, Sp. Gr. 3.78-3.97, earthy, Uran- 
ochre, 90 U. 

Chief source from some of the mines of Austria, Gil¬ 
pin county, Colorado, and one Cornish mine, where the 
vein carries 18 to 29 per cent, metal; soda salt used 
for staining glass and porcelain. 

This metal occurs in the Pitchblende (UO2 2UO3) 
of Gilpin County and Cornwall; is not used in the 
metallic state, but in the form,of the black oxide UO2 
UO3, and of sodium uranate, Na2, U2, O7, 6 H2O 
(Uranium yellow) for imparting black and yellow 
colors respectively, to glass and porcelain. The latter 
compound is prepared from Pitchblende by roasting the 
mineral with lime decomposing the calcium uranate, thus 
formed with sulphuric acid, and treating the solution 
of uranyl-sulphate with sodium carbonate and is preci¬ 
pitated by neutralization with sulphuric acid and boiling. 
Radium is very valuable; one pound is said to be worth 
millions; it has recently been discovered in the ores of 
Pitchblende. 


COMPENDIUM 


75 


ALLOYS . 


112 
IOO 

160 

2 

32 

16 

i 

64 

130 

6 


100 


Brass engine bearings. 

Tough brass engine work . 

For heavy bearings ........ 

Yellow brass for turning . . 

Flanges, to stand brazing . . 

Bell metal . 

Babbitt metal . 

Brass locomotive bearings . 

Brass for straps and glands 

Muntz’s sheating . 

Metal to expand in cooling 

Pewter . 

Spelter . 

Statuary bronze . 

Type metal, from ......... 

Type metal, to solders ..... 

SOLDERS. 

For lead . 

For tin .. 

For pewter .. 

For brazing (hardest) . 

For brazing (hard) .. |... | 1 

For brazing (soft) ..| i| 4 

For brazing (soft) or .[ 2|... 




2 

3 
7 

2 

1 


PQ 


BISMUTH. 

BISMUTH—(Native)—Silver, white, faint red 
tinge. 

BISMUTHINE—Lead, gray, orange, tarnish. 

BISMUTITE—White, gray, green, yellow. 

BISMUTH—Ochre, gray, green, yellow. 

Pure bismuth dissolves entirely in diluted nitric 
acid. The chief use is in the preparation of certain alloys 
with other metals, some kinds of type metal and stereo¬ 
type metal contain : 1 part bismuth, 2 parts antimony, 
and 9 parts lead; this confers upon them the property 
of expanding in the mold during solidification, so that 
they are forced into the finest lines of the impression. 

Thus an alloy of 2 parts bismuth, 1 part lead, and 
1 part tin, fuses below the temperature of boiling water. 

Bismuth is of common occurrence in gold and sil¬ 
ver ores, and much impedes extraction of the precious 
metals. Its uses are in type metals, painting on glass 
and porcelain and in medicine. 
























































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ATOMIC WEIGHTS — (Continued ) 


88 


BENSON'S 



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90 


BENSON’S 


TRACK LAYING IN A MINE—USING SLIDE 
RAILS. 

Lay two full length rails within a proper work¬ 
ing distance of the breast of the drive, then lay a rail on 

the outside of each with the bottom sides up, so that 

the wide flanges may rest on the top of the two rails 
already made fast by spikes. The outside rails are held 
in place with blocks, cut from a 2 by 4. five inches long, 
placed on every third tie and held in place by a 20- 
penny nail driven through the block into the tie, leaving 
the head up so it can easily be removed by use of a 
claw-hammer. As soon as there is room to lay another 
tie, and it is layed, slip the outside rails forward un¬ 
til the end of each rail- rests on the tie. Take up the 
two blocks at the out end of each rail and place them 
on the tie last layed, use track guage and nail the two 

blocks on the outside of each rail, and place a like 

block on the inside of each rail with the top of the end 
next to rail, beveled so as to let the flange of car 
wheel pass without interference, and so on until the 
full length of the outside rail is utilized, then turn the 
two outside slide rails down in place and make 
fast with spikes, and place two rails on outside as 
before. In this wav much time is saved and more 
mucking is accomplished, for the reasons (1) no rails 
to cut; (2) the car can be kept up close to the mucker, 
thus he simply raises the ore and drops it into the car: 
he will accomplish one-fourth more with less labor 
than he could by the old method of cutting sixteen or 
tw T enty-foot rails into two or three pieces in order to 
have the car within eight.feet. For a part of the time 
he has to pitch or carry the ore or muck or heavy 
rock eight feet—this is a waste of time and energy, 
and a loss to the operator or company, as the case 
may be. 

TIMBERING OF MINES. 

This subject will not be dwelt with here at length, 
as the subject would be long and tedious, and at best, 
with small results. The conditions vary as we pass 
from mine to mine and from state to state. Timbers 
of a certain dimension, say 6 by 8 inches diameter, 
might be all right for a certain mine and in another 
mine they would not do, again we find a mine that re¬ 
quires timbers from 12 to 14 inches in diameter, and in 
rising ground 18-inch mud sills were forced up and 
broken, that were layed in a mine in Summit County, 
Colorado, near Montezuma. Stull timbers 7 feet long 
10 by 12, with 18-inch space between, will carry a filling 
of backs 60 feet high. After settling the pressure is 
much greater against the walls. Then another 40 


COMPENDIUM 


9i 


feet might be added. An experienced mechanic with good 
judgment, is a good man to timber a mine, so as to 
make it safe. If he can have the timber needed he will 
meet the conditions as he finds them, use such timbers 
properly set as will absolutely hold the ground and 
avoid accidents and loss of life, expense and loss of 
time. Never say of an inferior piece of timbering: “It’s 
good enough.” The best is none too good. 

When timbering a shaft, four hangers are required. 
Have eight bolts made of proper length of one-inch 
round iron or steel with a six-inch thread and each 
with a suitable nut. Attach chains, two foot long, of 
proper strength, to the eye of every two bolts. After 
the set is made secure, the hangers are easily removed 
from the holes in the timbers and placed in the next 
set and so on down. 

PUMPING HYDRAULIC EJECTOR. 

Raymond describes a siphon over 1,000 feet long 
and four inches in diameter. The pipe was made of 
No. 24 galvanized iron in sections 30 inches long, 
riveted and soldered together. The water was raised 
18 feet, and the outlet end had a fall of 40 feet, so 
that the delivery was 22 feet lower than the inlet. The 
two ends were fitted with 4-inch brass taps, which were 
closed when the siphon was to be filled. This opera¬ 
tion was easily performed in about two hours, by means 
of a 3-inch force-pump, throwing water in at the highest 
point through a vent cock. An air-chamber at the 
bend was projected but not found necessary, as on 
shutting the 4-inch taps at either end, it was easy to 
fill the siphons by means of the pump. 

At Byer Moor colliery, five siphons are in use, 
working over a distance of 3,557 yards. The greatest 
lift of any one is 21 feet, and this siphon is 1,275 feet 
long, 4 inches diameter, has three righ angle turns. It 
falls 27 feet, thus working under a 6-foot head, giving 
a pressure of 2.59 pounds per square inch; delivers 
40 gallons a minute, and is set by an Evans force- 
pump. Another drains two swamps respectively, 2,766 
and 1,887 feet from point of delivery. It is 4 inches 
in diameter, lifts 14 feet, falls 35 feet, pressure 9 
pounds per square inch, discharges 35 gallons a minute. 
The longest has three branches, the main trunk is 996 
feet long and 8 inches in diameter, and the branches 
are 2.310 and 1,227 feet long respectively, and 4 inches 
in diameter, lifts 8 feet. 

At Chester, South Moor colliery, a siphon 1,800 
feet long and 6 inches in diameter, lifts 26 feet. 

Hydraulic Ejector—Where the quantity of water to 
be raised is small and no fall is available for a siphon, 


92 


BENSON’S 


while a head of water can be obtained, a most useful 
contrivance is the hydraulic ejector, which depends on 
the principle of an induced current, created by the 
force or velocity of the falling stream. This simple 
and effective method is much in vogue on the deep 
gravel mines in California, where a great head of water 
can be had, and entirely replaces pumps for limited 
duty, practically at no cost for either operation or 
repair. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 22, where 
A is the pressure pipe, bringing water from the sur¬ 
face; B the suction pipe, for drawing water from the 
mine sump; C the discharge pipe. The suction created 
in B by the rush of water from A into C induces the 
water in B to flow upward. The precautions neces¬ 
sary are that the diameter of C shall be great enough 
to accommodate the flow from A and B, but not so 
great as to nearly counterbalance the pressure (less the 
friction) in A; that the nozzels inserted in the ends 
of the respective pipes in the Td be proportioned to 
each other, say a three-eighths inch pressure nozzle for 
a five-eighths inch receiver, and adjusted relatively so 
that the stream from B is caught up before it can 
spread. 



That valves E F be inserted in A and C, so as 
to shut off the water in case of anything going wrong, 
and that bends be avoided as much as possible, espe¬ 
cially after the pressure-water encounters the suction- 
water. The effective power of the apparatus is about 
30 per cent, of the pressure-water and a lift of 200 
feet is easily accomplished. In some cases the effici¬ 
ency reaches 60 per cent. The cost of operation is 
virtually nothing and very little attention is needed. 


















COMPENDIUM 


93 

The same principle is carried out in utilizing the 
pressure of water from a higher level to a motor at a 
lower level, a larger volume of water being raised 
through a lesser height. In the absence of a natural head of 
water, the necessary pressure may be derived from a 
steam engine. Thus the water column of a main pumping 
engine may be made to raise its feed from sump dips 
or winzes, 200 feet or more below the pumping engine, 
thus standing above flood level. The hydraulic elector 
has assumed quite a prominent position where onlv 
moderate quantities of water have to be dealt with. 

The Evans and the Joseph Moore are very highly 
spoken of. 


GYPSUM. 

Sulphate of lime, or calcium sulphate, irr combi¬ 
nation with water (CaSOUEEO) is met with in 
nature, both in the form of transparent prisms of 
selenite and in opaque and semi-opaque masses, known 
as alabaster and g3'psum. It is this latter form which 
yields plaster of paris, for when heated to between 
150 and 200 degrees C., it loses three-fourths, 
of its water, becoming 2CaSo* H>0, and if the mass-, 
be then powdered and mixed with water the powder 
recombines with the water to form a mass, the hard¬ 
ness of which nearly equals that of the original gyp¬ 
sum. In the preparation of plaster of paris, a number 
of large lumps of gypsum are built up into a series of 
arches, upon which the rest of the gypsum is supported,, 
under these arches the fuel is burnt, and its flame 
is allowed to traverse the gypsum, care being taken 
that the temperature does not rise too high or the 
gypsum is overburnt and sets very slowly with water. 
When the operation is supposed to be completed, the 
lumps are carefully sorted and those which appear 
to have been properly calcined are ground to a very 
fine powder. When this powder is mixed with water 
to a cream and poured into a mold, the minute particles 
of calcium sulphate combine with water to repro- ( 
duce the original gypsum (CaSo4 2H2O) and this act 
of a combination is attended with a slight expansion 
which forces the plaster into the finest lines of the 
mold. An addition of one-tenth of lime to the plaster 
hardens it, and accelerates the setting. 


94 


BENSON’S 


ROASTING ORES. 

To Expel Sulphur and Arsenic. 

In order to expel sulphur and arsenic, which may be 
in ore, such ores roasted in the Benson Improved Cylinder 
Roaster by first reducing the ore to an 8 or io mesh, 
when the sulphur is disengaged in the form of sulphur¬ 
ous acid gas, the arsenic in that of arsenious oxide, the 
iron being left in the state of ferric oxide, and the 
copper, if any, into the soluble sulphate, the ore thus 
purified is then reground to 40 or 50 mesh, or any de¬ 
sired fineness, then passing through the Benson gravity 
amalgamator, all gold and silver that can be settled in 
an ordinary gold pan will be saved in the gravity 
t amalgamator, and much of the infinitestimal particles 
that may float on, or in the water, will be caught on 
the splash plates and in the trap, which are all at¬ 
tached to and a part of the gravity amalgamator. 


The whole of soluble sulphate of copper may be 
removed by washing with water and percipitated by 
the introduction of iron. The ore thus purified, if 
sufficient values still remain in the tailings to warrant 
an additional treatment, the remaining values can be 
quickly recovered by cyanidation, which in the pres¬ 
ence of air readily dissolves the metal. Tests have been 
made showing the consumption of cyanide to be exceed¬ 
ingly small, as low as 2-10 of 1 per cent. This where the 
ore was a heavy sulphide, carrying 3 1-10 per cent, cop¬ 
per the soluble sulphate of copper had been washed 
out and showed a total saving of 93 7-10 per cent, 
of the gold and silver. 


Sulphide gold ores that carry little or no copper, 
also telluride gold ores carry but little or no copper, 
can be treated without washing the ore, the lat¬ 
ter ores can be reground in the cyanide solution by 
pumping the overflow solution up to a tank, set 
just above the grinder with conduit from tank to top 
of grinder. This obviates the accumulation of an ex¬ 
cess of the solution, and the desired results accomplished 
in much less time than otherwise, for two reasons, (1) 
the cyanide is acting on the gold while the ore is be¬ 
ing ground to any desired mesh, and at the same time 
all is being aerated continually, thus the cyanide solu¬ 
tion cuts the infinitestimal particles of gold and cleans 
the coarse gold, thus facilitating the saving in the 
gravity amalgamator. 


COMPENDIUM 


95 


PHOSPHORUS. 

This element is never known to occur uncombined 
in nature, but is found abundantly in the form of phos¬ 
phate of lime or tricalcic diphosphate aCaO.PaOs or 
Ca3 (PO*) 2 > which is contained in the minerals, copro- 
lite, phosphorite and apatite, and occurs diffused 
through soils upon which plants will grow; for phos¬ 
phorus probably in this form, is an essential constit¬ 
uent of the food of plants and especially of the cereal 
plants, which form so large a proportion of the food 
of animals. The seeds of such plants are especially 
rich in the phosphates of calcium and magnesium. 

OXIDE OF COPPER. 

Absorbs water easily from the air, but it is not 
dissolved by water; acids, however, dissolve it, forming 
the salts of copper, whence the use of oil of vitriol and 
nitric acid for cleansing the tarnished surface of cop¬ 
per. A blackened coin, for example, immersed in 
strong nitric acid and thoroughly washed, becomes as 
bright as when freshly coined. 

Sillica dissolves oxide of copper at a high tem¬ 
perature, forming cupric silicate, which is taken ad¬ 
vantage of in producing a fine green color in glass. 



96 


BENSON’S 


AQUA REGIA. This name has been bestowed upon 
the mixture of i measure of nitric, and 3 measures of 
hydrocloric acid (nitromuriatic acid), which is em¬ 
ployed for dissolving gold, platinum, and other metals 
which are not soluble in the separate acids. 

ARSENIC FORMS two oxides corresponding with 
phosphorous and phosphoric anhydrides, viz.: As 4 0« and 
Ass Ob. Arsenic, when burning in air, only combines 
with three atoms of oxygen. It is employed in the 
manufacture of glass and in several coloring matters, 
etc. 

COPPER. Roasting, that is to say, the ore is ground 
to the desired mesh and mixed with Na CL and 
roasted; the copper sulphide is thus converted first into 
sulphate by the roasting and then into chloride by 
double decomposition with the salt. The copper chloride 
is leached out and the copper is precipitated by iron. 

COPPER AND BRASS are sometimes silvered by 
rubbing them with a mixture of 10 parts of silver chlor¬ 
ide with one part of corrosive sublime (mecuric chlor¬ 
ide), and 100 of bitartrate of potash. The silver and mer¬ 
cury are both reduced to the metallic state by the baser 
metal, and an amalgam of silver is formed which 
readily coats the surface. The acidity of the bitartrate 
of potash promotes the reduction. The surface to be 
silvered should always be cleansed from oxide by 
momentary immersion in nitric acid, and washed with 
water. For dry silvering an amalgam of silver and 
mercury is applied to the clean surface and the mercury 
is afterwards expelled by heat. 

FERRIC OXIDE OF IRON is really a combination 
of two distinct oxides of iron, one of which contains 16 
parts by weight of oxygen and 56 parts of iron, and 
would be written FeO, while the other contains 48 
parts of oxygen and 112 parts of iron expressed by the 
formula FesO to distinguish them; the former is 
usually called ferrous oxide and the latter ferric oxide. 
This, combined with water, constitutes ordinary rust. 

FERROUS SULPHATE s copperas, green vitriol, or 
sulphate of iron. Its disposition to absorb oxygen renders 
the ferrous sulphate useful as a reducing agent; thus 
it is employed for precipitating gold in the metallic 
state from the solutions. 


COMPENDIUM 


97 


OIL OF VITRIOL AND NITRIC ACID is used 
for cleansing the tarnished surface of copper or old 
coin as bright as when freshly coined. 

SULPHUROUS ACID GAS is very easily absorbed 
by water. Water absorbs 43.5 times it's bulk of gas at 
the ordinary temperature. 

SILICA in the naturally crystallized form as rock 
crystal and quartz, is insoluble in boiling solutions of 
the alkalies, and in all acids except hydrofluoric. 

SILVER. Extracting silver from its ores, these are 
roasted with common salt, whereby the silver sulphide 
is first converted into sulphate by oxidation, and then 
into chloride by double decomposition with Na CL. 
The silver chloride is dissolved out of the mass by 
means of a strong solution of common salt, from which 
the silver is afterwards precipitated in the metallic state 
by copper. 

SYMBOL. In most cases the molecule of element 
contains two atoms. The symbol for the molecule will 
be the initial followed by the figure 2, preferably 
written below the line, thus, H2 and O2 represent mole¬ 
cules of hydrogen and oxygen respectively. Such a 
symbol will also represent twice the atomic weight of 
the element, H2 meaning 2 parts by weight 1 or two 
volumes of hydrogen; O2—16X2—32 parts by weight or 
two volumes of oxygen. When analysis shows that 
there are 2, 3 or 4 atoms of the same element present 
in one molecule of the compound, this is expressed by 
writing 2, 3 or 4 after the symbol for the element- 
Thus H2SO4 represents a compound whose molecule 
contains two atoms of hydrogen, 1 of sulphur and 4 
atoms of oxygen. 

The symbol of a compound is called a formula. 
The molecule of a compound consists of atoms of its 
constituent elements united together. 

The decomposition of steam' by a very high tem¬ 
perature is expressed by the equation 2H2O— 2H2+O2, 
which conveys the information that two molecules or 
36 parts by weight of steam, have suffered chemical 
decomposition, and have formed two molecules or 4 
volumes or 4 parts by weight of hydrogen, and one or 
two volumes or parts by weight of oxygen. 


BENSON’S 


98 

INDEX. Page 

Adit ....20 

Alloys . 75 

Alloys, Bismuth . .65, 75 

Alterations, Agents of .26 

Alluvium . 10 

Amalgam Removed from PI.64 

Andesite .6, 11 

Antimony .65 

Aqua Regia .96 

Arastra . 20 

Archaean . 2 

Areas, Circles of Pipe . 54 

Argentiferous .20 

Argentite (silver) .69 

Argillite . 9 

Arising Waters .18 

Arsenic ..96 

Atomic Weights .76, 89, 97 

Augite Andesite . 7 

Augite .23 

Auriferous (gold) .20 

Banded or Ribbon Structure.28 

Barite .8, 23, 50 

Basalt .7, 8 

Bassick Mine .25 

Beds .13 

Bismuth Alloy .65 

Bismuth Table .75 

Black Jack .20 

Blanket Deposits .12, 34, 35 

Blende .20 

Blue Vitrol—Bluestone .58 

Breccia . 7 

Bulk of World’s Coin .67 

Calcareous Tufa .10 

Calcite .23 

Calcspar . 8, 22 

Cambrian . 2 

Capacity Round Tanks .64 

Carbonate Copper .20, 69 

Carboniferous . 2 

Cerussite, Carbonate of Lead .69 

Chalk .. 

Chemical Symbols .71, 97 

Chimney .20 

Chloride or Horn Silver .69 

Chlorite, Schist . 9, 23 

Chute or Shoot .20 

Classification of Ore Deposits .ig 




















































COMPENDIUM 


99 
Page 

Clay . io 

Clinkstone . 6 

Coal . 22 

Coins, U. S. 6o 

Coin Supply .67 

Composition of Minerals .45, 51 

Comstock Vein .14 

Concrete Mixture .62, 63 

Conglomerates . 10 

Contact Deposits .12, 16 

Copper and Brass Silvered .96 

Copper, Oxide .95, 96 

Copper Roasting .96 

Copper Table .47, 73 

Copperas ...•.58 

Coral.11 

Cretaceous . 3 

Crinoidal Limestone .10 

Crosscut Tunnels .43 

Crystalline Rocks .22 

Dacite . 6 

Deep Placer in California .42 

Definition of Mining Terms .14 

Deposits of Ore.12 

Detritus .10 

Devonian Age .25 

Diabase . 7 

Dikes . 12 

Dimensions, Iron Pipe .55 

Diorite .. ..• •. 6 

Distribution of Ore . 30 

Division of Ore .19 

Dolerite. 7 

Dolomite . 10, 23 

Drift .4. 20 

Ductility of Gold .66 

Effect of Heat on Metals .52 

Engineer M. E. 19 

Eruptive Forces . .16 

Eruptive Rocks .11 

Estimated Value, Mine .19 

Eureka Mine, Nevada .25 

Eye .20 

Faults . 43 

Faulting, Signs of .12 

Feldspar . .8, 23 

Felsite. 5 

Ferric Oxide of Iron .96 

Ferreous Sulphate .58, 96 

Fissure Filling .14 






















































100 


BENSON’S 


Page 

Fissure Vein Outcrop .43 

Flagstone, Sandy Slate . 11 

Fluorspar . 8, 23 

Fuller’s Earth . 11 

Gabbro ..;. 7 

Gad . 20 

Galena, Lead Sulphide .69 

Gases, Minerals, Cripple Creek .25 

Gash Veins .20, 26 

General Classification of Ore Deposits. 18 

General Principles Relating to Ore Deposits.18 

Geode .20 

Geological Table . 1 

Gillson Mine .37 

Glance (silver) .22, 69 

Glossary of Mining Terms .20 

Gneiss . 7, 20 

Gold Coins .60 

Gold, Ductility of Gold .66 

Gold, Fineness of .64 

Gold and Lead Fuse .66 

Gold Retorts .68 

Gold Table .46, 66 

Gold Threads .67 

Gold Values .59 

Gold Veins .19 

Gold, Where it Goes .67 

Gossan .20 

Granite . 4 

Granite, Composition of . 4 

Granite (Porphyry) . 5 

Granite, Plutonic Crystals, Rock .20 

Granitite . 5 

Granulite . 5 

Greisen (soft) .•. 5 

Grit . .11 

Gypsum .23, 93, 51 

Hardness of Mineral .52 

Heat on Various Substances .52 

Homestake Mine, South Dakota .23 

Hornblende .23 

Hornblende Schist . q 

Horses .. 

How to Write on Metals .44 

Hydraulic Ejector .g! 

Hydraulic Limestone .. 

Hydromica, Schist . g 

Igneous Rocks .5 t ^ 2 2 

Illustration of Faults . .....43 

Impregnation Deposits .. 




















































COMPENDIUM ioi 

Page 

Inch, Discharge of Water .55, 56 

IndependencePortland Mine .30 

Infilteration Theory .22 

Influence of Country Rock .16 

Injection Theory.22 

Inscription on Metal .44 

Interest Table .52, 53 

Intrusive Plutonic Rock .11 

Intrusive (see Porphyry) . 12, 19 

Iron Mine, Leadville .26 

Iron Manganese .26, 69 

Irregular Distribution .16, 30 

Jurassic . 3 

Land Measure .44, 60 

Lead Occurs .26, 48 

Lead Ores Table .25 

Leadville Contact Deposit .16 

Lime, Blue .25 

Limestone . 9 

Lode .22 

Loess .11 

Lustre Explained .44 

Luxulianite (granite) . 5 

Manganese and Iron .26, 69 

Marcasite or White Iron .19 

Marble . 9 

Marl .. 10 

Massive Chamber Deposit .39 

Matrix . 22 

Mercury, Amalgamating .63 

Metamorphic Rocks . 9 

Mica .23, 50 

Mica, Schist .• .... 9 

Middle Carboniferous . 2 

Minerals, Rock Making .22 

Mineral Water.25 

Mineral Matter in Water .25 

Miner’s Inch Discharge .53, 56 

Mining M. E.19 

Mines (Nevada) .25 

Mine Sampling .19 

Mining Terms .20 

Minette . 6 

Miscellaneous Weight's . 59 

Missing in Colorado . 2 

Molybdenum . 49 > 7 2 

Moyle .....22 

Mudstone .10 

Nevada Mines . 25 

Nitre, Saltpeter .50, 72 




















































102 


BENSON’S 


Page 

Normal Faults .3$ 

Nucleus, Unequal .18 

Occurrence, Veins in Limestone.16, 28 

Oceans, Size of . 54 

Obsidian . 8 

Oil of Vitriol . 97 

Oligoclase (Spar) .8, 23 

Ore Deposits .12 

Ore Oeposits at Leadville .12 

Ore Roasting .94 

Ore, Weights of .60 

Origin of Ore Deposits .18, 26 

Orthoclase (Spar) ...8, 23 50 

Outcrop of Veins .14 

Oxide of Copper .95 

Oxide of Iron Manganese .69, 96 

Peat .11, 22 

Perlite . 5 

Pegmatite Veins .4, 8 

Pewter .65 

Phosphorus . 95 

Phonolyte . 6 

Pipes, Area of Circles .54 

Pipes, Iron, Dimensions of .55 

Pipes and Pockets .20 

Pipe Thickness Table .55 

Pitchblende under Uranium .74 

Pitchstone . 8 

Platinum .49, 89 

Plumas, Eureka, California .41 

Polybasite (silver) .69 

Porphyry .4, 12 

Porphyry Dikes .3, 4 

Porphyry, Igneous .22 

Porpryhy, Intrusive Sheets .12 

Porphyryte, Volcanic Rock . 6 

Possible Ore .19 

Positive Ore .19 

Prepare Mercury . 63 

Probable Ore .19 

Protogine . 5 

Pumice Stone .. 

Pumping Hydraulic Ejector .91 

Pyrites ... 

Quartz . 7 

Quartzdiorite . 5 

Quartz Porphyries .6, 11 

Quartzite . 9’ n 

Quarternary. 3 

Questions (Arising) . T p 





















































COMPENDIUM 


Page 

Radium (under Uranium) .74 

Red Beds (Triassic) . 3 

Rhyolite . 6 

Rhyolite or Trachyte. 5 

Richness with Depth .16 

Roasting Ores .94, 96, 97 

Rock Making Minerals .22 

Ruby Silver .69 

Rules for Computing Interest .52 

Saltpeter (Nitre) .50, 72 

Sampling Mine .19 

Sandstone .10 

Schist .7, 9 

Segregation (Veins) ....28 

Serpentine... 9 

Shale.10 

Signs of True Fissures .12, 14 

Signs of Faulting .12 

Silica . 97 

Siliceous Sinter . 11 

Silt.10 

Silurian . 2 

Silver Coins . .60 

Silver Extraction .97 

Silver Peak, Nevada . 33 

Silver Peak Silver Vein .34 

Silver Values .....67 

Silver, Argentite .69 

Silver, Chloride .69 

Silver, Galena .69 

Silver, Glance .22, 69 

Silver, Ruby .46, 69 

Silver, Stephanite .46, 69 

Silver, Sulphurets .25 

Sinter . 11 

Siskiyou County, California, Mines .35, 36 

Slate . 9 

Slickensides .14 

Soapstone .• ..10 

Solders .75 

Solution, Circulating .18 

Spars, Explanation of. 8 

. Specific Gravity.44 

Stalactites .••.11 

Stockwork, C. C. 30 

Stratified Rocks . 10 

Strike .22 

Sulphide of Lead .69 

Sulphurets (silver) . 25 

Sulphurous Acid Gas .97 




















































104 


BENSON’S 


Surveying Measure. 

Syenite (granite) . 

Sylvanite ... 

Table, Area of Circles . 

Talc. :.... 

Talc or Kaolinite Seams . 

Talcose, Schist . 

Tank, Measure of . 

Tanks, Round, Capacity... 

Tellurium . 

Tertiary .. 

Thickness Sheet Iron Pipe. 

Threads of Gold . 

Till . 

Timbering of Mines . 

Tonopah Mine, Nevada . 

Trachyte . 

Track Laying in Mines . 

Triassic (red beds) . 

Tripoli (earth) . 

True Fissure Veins . 

True Fissure Filling . 

Tufa . 

Tungsten Table. 

Under Irregular Distribution of Ores ... 

United-Verde, Arizona . 

Unit Value . 

Uplift Homestake, South Dakota . 

Uranium . 

Useful Information . 

Various Forms Ore Deposits . 

Various Writers Referred Gash Deposits 

Veins, Croppings .. 

Vein, Eruptive. 

Veins (Filled Fissure) . 

Veins, Gold . 

Veins, Igenous Granite . 

Vein, Kinds of . 

Vein, Pot Granite . 

Veins, True Fissure . 

Veins, Width of . 

Volcanic Hot Springs . 

Waters Contains Carbonic Acid . 

Wiater, Circulating . 

Water, Discharge . 

Water, Feed Pipe Dimensions . 

Water, Hot. 

Water, Measure of Streams . 

Water, Volcanic Hot Springs . 

Weights, Miscellaneous . 


Page 
....61 

• • 4 , 5 
....46 
••••54 
....23 
....28 
. .. . 9 

•••-53 
....64 
46, 70 
.... 3 

• • • - 55 
....O7 
. .. .11 
90, 91 
....40 

• • 5 , 6 
....90 

.... 3 
... .11 
12, 14 
... .16 
.... 7 
..••74 
....30 
.... 26 

....51 

....23 
...•74 
• •. .57 
... .14 
.... 26 
.... 14 
.... 16 
... .14 
... .19 
.... 16 
....18 
•••*35 
. ...14 
... .14 


....26 
....18 
•••-53 
•••*55 
....25 

55 » 56 
' 22 
....59 




















































COMPENDIUM 


105 

Page 

Weights of Metals .59 

Weights of Ore .60 

What Gives Gold its Value .67 

Where Our Gold Goes .67 

White Iron or Marcasite .19 

Width of Veins .14 

Wolfram, under Tungsten .74 

Wonders of Science .69 

Write Inscriptions on Metal .44 

Young Volcanic Rocks .11 

Zinc Blende .48, 69 

















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